Etiological characteristics of a foodborne diseases outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis in Suzhou / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo determine the pathogenic cause in a foodborne diseases outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis in a company in Suzhou City， and provide evidence for epidemiological investigation and guidance for clinical treatment. MethodsRelevant specimens were examined for Salmonella， Shigella， Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Furthermore， for the isolated Salmonella enteritidis， a micro broth dilution method was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing， and pulsed field gel electrophoresis （PFGE） was used for molecular typing. ResultsA total of 44 strains of Salmonella enteritidis were detected from 43 anal swabs of the patients in the outbreak， 7 anal swabs of canteen employees， 31 retained food specimens and 6 environmental specimens. A total of 15 antimicrobial susceptibility testings showed that the 44 strains had the same antimicrobial resistance spectrum， which was 100% resistant to cefazolin， ampicillin， ampicillin/sulbactam， polymyxin E and nalidixic acid， suggesting a multi-drug resistance to more than three antibiotics. PFGE cluster analysis showed that the 44 strains had a 100% of genetic similarity. ConclusionThe outbreak is caused by the consumption of food contaminated with Salmonella enteritidis. The isolated strains have multi-drug resistance， which could guide appropriate antimicrobial treatment based on the antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

LncRNA WT1-AS Knockdown Promotes Invasion and Migration of Triple Negative Breast Cancer MDA-MB-231 Cells / 肿瘤防治研究

Objective To investigate the effect of LncRNA WT1-AS on the invasion and migration of triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Methods qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of WT1-AS and the efficiency of gene silencing in MDA-MB-231 cells. Transwell invasion test and scratch test were used to detect the invasion and migration of MDA-MB-231 cells; Western blot was used to detect the expression of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin and Snail in MDA-MB-231 cells. Results Compared with normal human mammary epithelial cells, the expression of WT1-AS in MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-453 and MDA-MB-468 cells were significantly up-regulated. Knockdown of WT1-AS significantly reduced the invasion and migration abilities of MDA-MB-231 cells, the expression of E-cadherin was increased but N-cadherin, Vimentin and Snail expression were decreased. Conclusion WT1-AS could promote the invasion and migration of triple-negative breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 via regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

Efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitors in the treatment of heart failure: A meta-analysis / 国际生物医学工程杂志

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in the treatment of heart failure (HF).Methods:PubMed, ScienceDirect, EMbase, VIP, CNKI and WanFang Data were searched, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of SGLT2 inhibitors in the treatment of heart failure were included, and quality evaluation and data extraction were carried out.Results:Ten RCTs (9 544 patients) were included. Meta-analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences between the SGLT2 inhibitor group and the control group in terms of heart failure hospitalization rate or heart failure emergency department visit rate[ RR=0.72, 95% CI(0.65, 0.81), P<0.000 01], all-cause mortality[ RR=0.87, 95% CI(0.78, 0.97), P=0.01], cardiovascular mortality[ RR=0.87, 95% CI(0.77, 0.99), P=0.03], and the reduction of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide[ RR=-133.76, 95% CI(-229.50, -38.01), P=0.006]. But there was no statistically significant difference in the change of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) after the treatment ( P>0.05). The subgroup analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences between the dapagliflozin group and the heart failure group with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in terms of heart failure hospitalization rate or heart failure emergency department visit rate, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and reduced levels of NT-proBNP (all P<0.05). The patients with unknown LVEF and empagliflozin were significantly different from the control group in terms of heart failure hospitalization rate or heart failure emergency department visit rate (all P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the SGLT2 inhibitor group can reduce the risk of adverse renal reactions [ RR=0.82, 95% CI(0.68, 0.99), P=0.03]. Conclusions:SGLT2 inhibitors, especially dapagliflozin, can improve the survival rate of patients with HFrEF and have good safety.

Systematic evaluation of efficacy and safety of Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Decoction for preventing oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neurotoxicity / 国际生物医学工程杂志

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Decoction for preventing oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neurotoxicity(OIPN).Methods:PubMed, ScienceDirect, EMbase, VIP, CNKI and WanFang Data were searched to collect the randomized controlled trials(RCTs) of Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Decoction for OIPN from the date of establishment until July 2019. Two reviewers independently evaluated the quality of literature and extracted data. RevMan5.3 software was used for Meta-analysis.Results:Fifteen RCTs (849 patients) were included. The results of Meta-analyses showed statistically significant differences in favor of Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Decoction group compared with control group for all incidence of OIPN [ RR=0.57, 95% CI(0.40, 0.81), P=0.002] and incidence of serious OIPN [ RR=0.35, 95% CI(0.25, 0.48), P<0.000 01]. No differences were observed in disease control rates between two groups. There was statistically significant differences between Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Decoction group and mecobalamine group for all incidence of OIPN [ RR=0.51, 95% CI(0.39, 0.66), P<0.000 01] and incidence of serious OIPN [ RR=0.37, 95% CI(0.19, 0.70), P=0.002]. Conclusions:Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Decoction is more safety and effective than mecobalamine on the prevention of OIPN and did not affect the efficacy of chemotherapy. So Huangqi Guzhi Wuwu decoction can be widely extended to clinical applications.

Systematic Evaluation of the Efficacy of Glutathione in Preventing Oxaliplatin-induced Peripheral Neuro-toxicity / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of glutathione (GSH) in preventing oxaliplatin-in-duced peripheral neurotoxicity(OIPN),and to provide evidence-based reference in the clinic. METHODS:Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about therapeutic efficacy of GSH vs. placebo/no any measures (called placbo group) or other drug in preventing OIPN were retrieved from PubMed,EMBase,Cochrane library,CJFD,Wanfang database and VIP. Meta-analysis was performed with Rev Man 5.3 statistical software after data extraction and quality evaluation with Jadad scale. RESULTS:18 RCTs were in-cluded,involving 1200 patients. The results of Meta-analysis showed that:total incidence of oxaliplatin-induced chronic peripheral neurotoxicity (OICPN)[RR=0.71,95%CI(0.59,0.87),P<0.001] and the incidence of severe OICPN [RR=0.50,95%CI(0.42, 0.60),P<0.001] in GSH group were significantly lower than placebo group,with statistical significance;there was statistical signif-icance in the incidence of oxaliplatin-induced acute peripheral neurotoxicity(OIAPN)[RR=0.89,95%CI(0.72,1.09),P=0.25]. The incidence of severe OICPN in GSH group was significantly higher than mecobalamine group,with statistical significance [RR=2.06,95%CI(1.07,3.99),P=0.03]. There was no statistical significance in the incidence of OICPN[RR=1.38,95%CI(0.83,2.31), P=0.21] and severe OICPN [RR=1.91,95%CI(0.85,4.30),P=0.12] between GSH group and Ca+Mg mixture group. CONCLU-SIONS:GSH can effectively prevent the occurrence of OICPN,however,its therapeutic efficacy is equivalent to Ca+Mg mixture and inferior to mecobalamine in preventing severe OICPN.

Literature Analysis of ADR Induced by Dasatinib / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To investigate ADR induced by dasatinib,and to provide reference for clinical rational drug use. METHODS:By means of literature metrology method,dasatinib-induced ADR cases domestically and internationally reported were analyzed. RSEULTS:A total of 63 ADR cases were induced by dasatinib,and the age of patients were mainly 41-60 years old. The most cases(25.4%)occurred within 1 month of medication. The patients mainly were from Asian countries and regions(53.9%). Organs/systems involved in dasatinib induced ADRs were mainly respiratory system(40.1%),digestive system(17.5%)and hema-tologic system(11.7%). Main clinical manifestations were pleural effusion(23 cases),pulmonary artery hypertension(15 cases), expiratory dyspnea(8 cases),diarrhea(8 cases),etc. CONCLUSIONS:Daring the use of dasatinib,great importance should be attached to ADR monitoring and prevention so as to avoid serious ADR.

Safety Evaluation of Acyclovir in the Treatment of Liver-transplanted Children with EB-viremia / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the safety of acyclovir in the treatment of liver-transplanted children with EB-viremia. METHODS:Retrospectively analysis was conducted for the general information of 10 liver-transplanted children with EB-viremia, preoperative donor and recipient EBV infection and treatment,tacrolimus dose and plasma concentration before and after interven-tion,platelets,serum creatinine and white blood cell levels before and after treatment,and the recurrence were followed-up. RE-SULTS:Biliary atresia was the primary disease for all the children,EB virus polymerase chain reaction(EBV-PCR)was positive, and there was no routine testing for donor HBV infection;6 cases reduced the tacrolimus dose,4 remained unchanged,and 9 cas-es of plasma concentrations reduced after intervention,9 were negative and 2 recoveried. There were no significant differences in the platelets,serum creatinine and white blood cells before and after treatment(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Acyclovir can be used in the treatment of liver-transplanted children with EB-viremia,with good safety.

Optimization of vancomycin and linezolid dosage regimen for treatment of Gram-positive cocci infections / 天津医药

Objective To estimate and optimize the dosage regimen of vancomycin and linezolid for treatment in different Gram-positive cocci infections. Methods The pharmacokinetic data of vancomycin and linezolid were collected, and the pharmacodynamics in vitro of these drugs for staphylococcus epidermidis, staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium were analysed. The cumulative response fraction (CFR) was evaluated in different dosage regimens of two drugs against four types of bacteria. Results The regimen of 3 500 mg/d vancomycin was recommended for patients with staphylococcus epidermidis infection. The regimen of 2 500 mg/d vancomycin was recommended for patients with staphylococcus aureus infection. The regimens of 3 000 mg/d vancomycin and 400 mg linezolid given 2 times/day were recommended for patients with enterococcus faecalis infection. The regimens of 2 500 mg/d vancomycin and 400 mg linezolid given 2 times/day were recommended for patients with enterococcus faecium infection. Conclusion In application of vancomycin and linezolid for treatment of Gram-positive cocci infections, different dosage regimens should be used in different types of infections.

Exploration of Teaching Work Mode of Clinical Pharmacists in Pharmaceutical Ward Rounds / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To explore the new mode and new method for the teaching work mode of clinical pharmacists in phar-maceutical ward rounds. METHODS:Medicine comprehensive ward rounds mode centered by teachers and independent pharmaceu-tical rounds interrogation mode centered by clinical pharmacist trainees were respectively tried by clinical pharmacists to guide clini-cal pharmaceutical cares. Three-level mode of medical rounds was used for reference. Teaching rounds by trainees,teaching staff and teachers were tried to train the learning and practice ability of different levels of trainees. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:Ac-cording to the different forms of exploration of teaching work mode in pharmaceutical ward rounds,trainees,teaching staff and teachers has practiced and improved in the pharmacy professional practice skills. Pharmaceutical ward rounds are the important parts of work,and different teaching modes are significant for the advanced quality of trainees.

Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Fluconazole in the Treatment of Candida Infections in Different Parts / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To systematically review the efficacy of fluconazole in the treatment of candida infections in different parts,and provide evidence-based reference. METHODS:Cochrane library,Medline,EMBase,PubMed,CBM,CJFD,VIP data-base and Wanfang database were retrieved to collect the randomized controlled trial(RCT)of fluconazole(test group)vs. other an-tifungal agents(control group)in the treatment of candida infections in different parts. After information collection and quality eval-uation,the Meta-analysis was performed by Rev Man 5.1 software. RESULTS:There were totally 6 literatures included,involving 1 966 patients. Meta-analysis results showed that the effectiveness in test group was lower than control group in the treatment of can-didemia [OR=0.48,95%CI(0.29,0.77),P=0.003];compared with control group,there were no significant differences in the effec-tiveness in the treatment of esophagus candidemia [OR=1.15,95%CI(0.74,1.78),P=0.52]. CONCLUSIONS:The efficacy of flu-conazole in the treatment of candidemia is no better than anidulafungin and equivalent with amphotericin B;the efficacy of flucon-azole in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis is equivalent with itraconazole,voriconazole,anidulafungin and micafungin. Due to the limit of included studies,it remains to be further verified by high-quality,large-sample and long follow-up RCTs.

Prediction of Pharmacokinetics and Penetration of Moxifloxacin in Human with Intra-Abdominal Infection Based on Extrapolated PBPK Model

The aim of this study is to develop a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model in intraabdominal infected rats, and extrapolate it to human to predict moxifloxacin pharmacokinetics profiles in various tissues in intra-abdominal infected human. 12 male rats with intra- abdominal infections, induced by Escherichia coli, received a single dose of 40 mg/kg body weight of moxifloxacin. Blood plasma was collected at 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480, 1440 min after drug injection. A PBPK model was developed in rats and extrapolated to human using GastroPlus software. The predictions were assessed by comparing predictions and observations. In the plasma concentration versus time profile of moxifloxcinin rats, Cmax was 11.151 microg/mL at 5 min after the intravenous injection and t1/2 was 2.936 h. Plasma concentration and kinetics in human were predicted and compared with observed datas. Moxifloxacin penetrated and accumulated with high concentrations in redmarrow, lung, skin, heart, liver, kidney, spleen, muscle tissues in human with intra-abdominal infection. The predicted tissue to plasma concentration ratios in abdominal viscera were between 1.1 and 2.2. When rat plasma concentrations were known, extrapolation of a PBPK model was a method to predict drug pharmacokinetics and penetration in human. Moxifloxacin has a good penetration into liver, kidney, spleen, as well as other tissues in intra-abdominal infected human. Close monitoring are necessary when using moxifloxacin due to its high concentration distribution. This pathological model extrapolation may provide reference to the PK/PD study of antibacterial agents.

Pharmaceutical Care for One Patient with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease / 中国药师

Objective:To investigate the clinical pharmaceutical care methods and promote rational drug use. Methods:The diag-nosis and treatment process of one patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were used as the examples, the pharmacists par-ticipated in selecting drugs, adjusting dosage and making individual regimen to carry out the pharmaceutical care in the whole treatment process, including observing curative effect, monitoring adverse reactions, implementing patient education,nutritional support, immu-notherapy and the effect evaluation. Results:Clinical pharmacists together with clinicians developed the treatment regimens for the pa-tient with the full implementation of pharmaceutical care, the effect was promising, and the patient recovered and discharged from hos-pital. Conclusion:Clinical pharmacists should implement pharmaceutical care for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the whole treatment process, which can reduce drug adverse reactions and interactions effectively, and play an important role in ra-tional and safe drug use.

Study on nano-hydroxyapatite/type I collagen artificial bone scaffold structure and osteogenic ability in vivo / 生物医学工程学杂志

This study was aimed to develop nano-hydroxyapatite/type I collagen artificial bone scaffold and investigate its structure, osteogenic ability and biocompatibility in vivo. According to biomimetic and self-organization mechanism, nano-hydroxyapatite/type I collagen artificial bone scaffold was developed with nano-hydroxyapatite and pure type I collagen. General observation, scanning electron microscope, porosity measurement and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the scaffold. In vivo test, the model of rabbit skull with two defects was created, the scaffold was embedded in one defect, and another defect served as vacuity control. The in vivo study involved 12 rabbits. At 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks, the rabbits were sacrificed in sequence and specimens were obtained for histological observation. Nano-hydroxyapatite/type I collagen artificial bone scaffold was similar to sponge under microscope, the pore size was 100-300 microm, the average ratio of porosity was 92.6%, and the inner structure was homothetic to the natural bone. No acute or chronic immunologic rejection was observed in vivo. The rabbit skull defect was repaired by nano-hydroxyapatite/type I collagen artificial bone scaffolds completely in 12 weeks. Nano-hydroxyapatite/type I collagen artificial bone scaffold structure was homothetic to natural bone structure, and had excellent osteogenic ability, biocompatibility, osteogenesis and suitable degradation.

Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Mutant E7 Protein Induces Oncogenic Transformation via Up-regulation of Cyclin A and cdc25A / 中国病毒学·英文版

A new mutant human papiUomavirus type 16 E7 gene, termed HPV16 HBE7, was isolated from cervical carcinoma biopsy samples from patients in an area with high incidence of cervical cancer (Hubei province, China). A previous study showed that the HPVI6 HBE7 protein was primarily cytoplasmic while wild-type HPV16 E7 protein, termed HPV16 WET, was concentrated in the nucleus. With the aim of studying the biological functions of HPV16 HBE7, the transforming potential of HPV16 HBE7 in NIH/3T3 cells was detected through observation of cell morphology, cell proliferation assay and anchorage-independent growth assay. The effect of HPVI6 HBE7 on cell cycle was examined by flow cytometry. Dual-luciferase reporter assay and RT-PCR were used to investigate the influence of HPVI6 HBE7 protein on the expression of regulation factors associated with GI/S checkpoint. The results showed that HPV16 HBE7 protein, as well as HPV16 WE7 protein, held transformation activity. NIH/3T3 cells expressing HPV16 HBE7 could easily transition from G1 phase into S phase and expressed high level of cyclin A and cdc25A. These results indicated HPV16 mutant E7 protein, located in the cytoplasm, induces oncogenic transformation of NIH/3T3 cells via up-regulation of cyclin A and cdc25A.

Working Methods and Working Mode of Clinical Pharmacists / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for clinical pharmacists on how to provide better pharmaceutical service for clinic. METHODS: The basic qualities, working place, service mode, cooperation mode etc of the clinical pharmacists were summarized and analyzed and exemplified. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS: Clinical pharmacists should have a certain basic qualities, and they should improve their insight into problems step by step, deepen their cooperation with doctors, and provide comprehensive pharmaceutical service for patients.

Efficacy of Clinical Pharmacists' Intervention on Combined Use of Antibiotic Injections in Outpatient Department / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the incidence of adverse drug reactions(ADRs),the ratio of irrational drug use and the average daily drug costs after the initiation of clinical pharmacists' intervention on the combined use of antibiotic injections in the outpatient department.METHODS:By a controlled prospective study,500 patients in the intravenous center in outpatient department whose records were in line with inclusion criteria were included before intervention as controls,and after the initiation of clinical pharmacists' intervention on the combined use of antibiotic injection in the outpatient department,500 patients meeting the inclusion criteria were enrolled as trial group.A database was established and the results were analyzed statistically.RESULTS:The irrational drug use was noted in 52 cases in the control group versus 21 cases in the trial group and the ADRs or adverse drug events were noted in 18 cases for the control group versus 9 cases for the trial group.The daily mean drug cost reduced by 29.84 yuan after intervention.CONCLUSION:The intervention measures contributed to the reduction in incidences of irrational drug use and ADRs and drug costs.

Resent studies on cytochrome P450 and drug metabolism / 中国临床药理学与治疗学

Cytochrome P450 is one of the important drug metabolization enzymes in humans. This paper reviews drug relevant CYP, the relationship of CYP and drug interaction, and effects of Chinese medicine on CYP. The aim is to answer and predict the clinical drug interaction and the adverse drug reactions. Moreover, suitable drug can be selected to evaluate the action of CYP, and it can offer the scientific assurance for clinical individual therapy.

An experimental study of pharmacokinetics and impairment of renal function with different dosage regimens of gentamicin in rats / 中国药理学通报

Aim To study effects of different dosage regimens of gentamicin(GTM) on impairment of renal functions, plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetics in rats. Method 108 rats were divided into 6 groups: control group; chronological once-daily dose groups (N100 and D100 group, in which 100 mg?kg -1 GTM were intramuscularly administrated at 01 ∶00 or 13 ∶[KG-*3]00 respectively), and chronological twice-daily different dose groups (N90+D10, N70+D30, N50+D50 group, in which 90 mg?kg -1+10 mg?kg -1, 70 mg?kg -1+30 mg?kg -1 and 50 mg?kg -1+50 mg?kg -1 GTM were given at 1:00 and 13:00 respectively). The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) levels were observed, the plasma concentrations of GTM at 0.25,0.5,1, 2, 5 and 8h were determined, the C-T curves were profiled and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated at the 1st, the 10th, and the 20th day of administrations. Results ① Impairment of renal function. At the 10th day of administration, the Cr and BUN levels of N50+D50 group were the highest. There was a significant difference when compared those of the 10th day of administration with those of the 1st day of administration and of control group at same time respectively (P

Cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase protein expression and vasculature during experimental rat lung carcinogenesis / 中国肺癌杂志

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>To investigate the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein during the experimental lung carcinogenesis in rats, as well as their association with microvessel density (MVD).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Diethylinitrosamine and 3-methylcholanthrene were instilled into the left lobar bronchus to induce lung squamous cell carcinoma in 88 Wistar rats, and 10 nomal rats as controls. COX-2, iNOS expression and MVD count of the specimens obtained from the rats were examined by immunohistochemistry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 155 specimens of various pathological phase during the carcinogenesis were obtained: 14 hyperplasia, 25 squamous metaplasia, 33 dysplasia, 12 carcinoma in situ, 54 infiltration carcinoma, and 17 metastasis. The immunohistochemical score (IHS) of COX-2 significantly increased in dysplasia, carcinoma in situ and metastasis (P < 0.01,P < 0.05,P < 0.01). IHS of iNOS significantly increased in hyperplasia and metastasis (P < 0.05,P < 0.01 ). Remarkably increased MVD was found in carcinoma in situ, infiltration carcinoma and metastasis (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P < 0.01). There was a positive correlation between COX-2 and iNOS (r=0.601 6,P < 0.001) expression. Expression of COX-2 or iNOS were remarkably related to MVD count (P < 0.01,P < 0.01)</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>COX-2 and iNOS may play important roles in the carcinogenesis of experimental rat lung squamous cell carcinoma as well as its progress, and it may be associated with stimulating angiogenesis.</p>

Analysis of Factors Influencing ADR in the Intravenous Use of Antibiotics in Outpatients / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the chief factors influencing the adverse drug reactions (ADR) in outpatient use of antibiotics so as to formulate corresponding policies for intervention. METHODS: The patients who had been treated i.v with antibiotics from Mar. 2006 to Mar. 2007 were enrolled: 105 in trial group showed ADR, another 105 in control group showed no ADR. The ADR influencing factors were compared between the two groups from aspects of patients, nursing, and medication to find out the significant differences. RESULTS: The chief factors influencing the adverse drug reactions (ADR) in outpatient use of antibiotics included the indications of drugs, dosage, dosing interval, drug combination, and availability of medication guidance. CONCLUSION: The outpatient intravenous use of antibiotics is far from rational, which needes further intervention.