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Objective To analyze the disease burden of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in China and regions with different income levels in the world from 1990 to 2019. Methods Using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD2019) results, the changes of the disease burden of MDR-TB in China and regions with different income levels in the world were described and analyzed using the Joinpoint Regression Program 4.8.0.1 software. Results From 1990 to 2019, the age standardized incidence, mortality and DALY rates in China and other areas with different income levels in the world basically showed a trend of first rising and then decreasing at the turning point of the late 20th century and early 21st century, except for low-income areas where the age standardized incidence rate showed an overall upward trend. In 2019, the incidence rate, mortality and DALY rate of MDR-TB in China were 9 times, 6.67 times and 6.89 times higher than those in high-income areas, respectively. The incidence rate in China was 6 times lower than that in low and middle-income areas, while the mortality and DALY rate in China were 26 times and 32.53 times lower than those in low-income areas, respectively. The age standardized incidence, mortality rate and DALY rate of MDR-TB in men were higher than those in women. Risk factors for the burden of MDR-TB disease included alcohol consumption, smoking, and high fasting blood glucose. Conclusion From 1990 to 2019, there are significant regional and gender differences in the disease burden of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in China and regions with different income levels in the world. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is still a major challenge for tuberculosis control in the world. It is necessary to develop more effective control strategies and health care systems to deal with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
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Objective To analyze the relationship among the general self-efficacy,self-esteem and professional identification of nursing baccalaureate students and to provide some suggestions for educational practice. Methods A total of 403 nursing baccalaureate students in traditional Chinese medicine colleges were recruited. They were investigated with general self-efficacy scale (GSES), Rosenberg self-esteem scale(SES)and questionnaire for baccalaureate nursing students (QBNS). The relationship among general self-efficacy,self-esteem and professional identification was analyzed by multiple stepwise regression analysis. Results The mean score of general self-efficacy was 23.81± 5.27. There were significant differences in the score of general self-efficacy among different grades and enrollment methods (P<0.01). The nursing students,general self-efficacy was positively correlated with self-esteem,professional identification,professional emotion and professional skills(r=0.11-0.50, P<0.05). Conclusions Nursing educator should pay attention to the cultivation of self-esteem and professional identity in the training of nursing student in order to improve the self-efficacy of nursing students.
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Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of occupational exposure to human immunodeficiency vi-rus (HIV) in Chongqing to provide the scientific basis for avoiding and reducing the HIV occupational exposures in the future . Methods All archival data of the exposed individuals came to our hospital for seeking post-exposure consultation and treatment during 2009-2012 were performed the classification and arrangement for conducting the descriptive analysis on the distribution characteristics of the age ,gender ,occupation ,working region ,exposure mode and severity of exposure .Results During this period , there were 135 cases of occupational exposure ,which ocurred in the medical institutions outside the main urban area (74 .18% ) , dominated by the nurses (57 .04% ) and doctors(33 .33% ) .21-30 years old (51 .85% ) and 31 -40 years old(33 .33% ) were the age groups with more occurrence of occupational exposure .The exposure routes were dominated by the sharp instrument injury (92 .59% ) and the exposure degree was mainly the secondary exposure ( 69 .63% ) .Conclusion The prevalence situation of HIV occupational exposure in Chongqing is stable in the total trend .The medical and health institutions outside main urban area should perfect the management system ,strengthen training ,put the standard prophylaxis principles to practice for reducing the occurrence of occupational exposure .