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Objective:To establish the quality evaluation method of Prunellae spica dispensing granules based on three quality indexes of standard decoction. Methods:Fourteen batches of Prunellae spica were collected from different habitats. According to technical requirements, fourteen batches of Prunellae spica standard decoction and three batches of formula granules were prepared and the paste-forming rates were calculated. The fingerprints of Prunellae spica standard decoction and formula granules were established by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC). The similarity values of fingerprints between dispensing granules and standard decoction were calculated. The content and transferring rate of Rosmarinic acid were determined and calculated. Results:The average paste-forming rate of Prunellae spica was (12.59±2.32)%. The paste-forming rates of the three batches were 11.14%, 10.78% and 10.39% respectively. The average content of Rosmarinic acid in standard decoction was (18.99±9.74)mg/g. The average transferring rate was (60.58±7.87)%. The contents of three batches were 7.40 mg/g, 7.49 mg/g and 7.09 mg/g. The transferring rates were 52.06%, 50.10% and 50.40% respectively. Nine common fingerprint peaks were identified in the fingerprints of standard decoction and formula granules, two of which were identified as Rosmarinic acid and Caffeic acid by comparison of reference substance. The fingerprints similarity of Prunellae spica dispensing granules and standard decoction were 0.954, 0.973 and 0.952, respectively. Conclusions:The quality indexes of three batches of formulation granules are consistent with standard decoction. This method could provide reference for the establishment of quality standard of Prunellae spica dispensing granules.
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OBJECTIVE：To esta blish a UPLC fingerprint of Pyrrosia petiolosa from southwest China ，and to determine the contents of 4 kinds of phenolic acids （neochlorogenic acid ，caffeic acid ，chlorogenic acid and cryptochlorogenic acid ）. METHODS：The determination was performed on Waters Cortecs T 3 C18 column（100 mm×2.1 mm，1.6 μm）with mobile phase consisted of methanol- 0.1％ phosphoric acid （gradient elution ）at the flow rate of 0.35 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 326 nm. The column temperature was 30 ℃，and injection volume was 1 μL. UPLC method was used to establish the UPLC fingerprint of P. petiolosa in combination with the Similarity Evaluation System of TCM Chromatographic Fingerprints （2012 edition）. Cluster analysis and principle component analysis （PCA）were performed by using SPSS 20.0 software. The contents of 4 kinds of phenolic acids in 20 batches of P. petiolosa were determined by external standard method. RESULTS ：There were 9 common peaks for the UPLC fingerprint of P. petiolosa . Peaks 1，3，4，5 and 9 were identified as neochlorogenic acid ，caffeic acid，chlorogenic acid ，cryptochlorogenic acid and isochlorogenic acid C ，respectively. RSDs of the relative retention time of each peak in different batches of P. petiolosa were 0-0.68％，and the RSDs of the relative peak area were 0-62.35％. The similarities between the fingerprint of 20 batches of medicinal materials and the control chromatogram were not less than 0.990. The result of cluster analysis showed that P. petiolosa from different regions could be sorted into three species. Results of PCA showed the differences among P. petiolosa from different regions. The linear range of neochlorogenic acid ，caffeic acid ，chlorogenic acid and cryptochlorogenic acid were 0.61-61.41，0.18-17.60，2.00-200.11，0.62-61.51 μ g/mL （R2＞0.999 9）. RSDs of precision ， reproducibility and stability tests were all lower than 2.00％. The recoveries were 96.23％-98.17％（RSD＝0.96％-2.28％， n＝6）. Among 20 batches of samples ，the contents of above 4 kinds of phenolic acids were 0.385 3-1.891 9，0.018 0-0.129 5，2.569 5-10.676 0，0.563.5-1.860 5 mg/g. CONCLUSIONS ： The established UPL C fingerprint could reflect the main chemical constituents of P. pedunculata . Phenolic acids could be used as the main evaluation indexes for the quality of P. petiolosa . The quality order of P. petiolosa from southwest China was Chongqing product＞Sichuan product ＞Guizhou product.
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OBJECTIVE：To establish UPLC fingerpri nt of Ligusticum sinense ，Ligusticum jeholense and Conioselinum vaginatium，and to conduct their chemometrics analysis so as to provide reference for the identification of Rhizoma Ligustici from different origins. METHODS ：UPLC method combined with Similarity Evaluation System of TCM Chromatographic Fingerprints （2012 edition） were used to establish the fingerprints of Rhizoma Ligustici from different origins. Chromatographic peak identification and similarity evaluation were carried out. Cluster analysis （CA），principal component analysis （PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis （OPLS-DA）were performed to analyze Rhizoma Ligustici from different origins，and screen differential components. RESULTS ：Totally 13，11，11 characteristic peaks were identified in UPLC fingerprints of L. sinense ，L. jeholense and C. vaginatium ，respectively. Similarity evaluation showed that the similarity between C. vaginatium and L. jeholense were 0.312-0.541；that between C. vaginatium and L. sinense were 0.324-0.682；that between L. sinense and L. jeholense were 0.312-0.671，indicating there was great difference among Rhizoma Ligustici from different origins. CA，PCA and OPLS-DA showed that Rhizoma Ligustici from different origins were clustered into each category respectively ； chemical components represented by peak 10，peak 13，peak 12，peak 7 and peak 6 were differential components for Rhizoma Ligustici from 3 origins. CONCLUSIONS ：The study establishes UPLC fingerprint of Rhizoma Ligustici from different origins ， and screens 5 differential components ，which can be used to identify Rhizoma Ligustici from different origins.
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OBJECTIVE：To provide reference for the identification of Chebulae Fructus and Chebulae Fructus Immaturus . METHODS：UPLC method was adopted. The determination was performed on Waters Cortecs T 3 C18 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile- 0.2％ phosphoric acid solution （gradient elution ）at the flow rate of 0.35 mL/min. The column temperature was 30 ℃，and the detection wavelength was set at 270 nm. The sample size was 1 μL. Using gallic acid as reference，UPLC fingerprints of 17 batches of Chebulae Fructus and 14 batches of Chebulae Fructus Immaturus were established and their similarity was evaluated by TCM Chromatographic Fingerprint Similarity Evaluation System （2012 edition）. By comparing substance control ， UV absorption spectrum and related literaturs ，common peaks were identified. PCA and PLS-DA were performed by using SPSS 20.0 and SIMCA 14.1 software. The contents of main difference components in Chebulae Fructus and Chebulae Fructus Immaturus were determined by above UPLC method and compared. RESULTS ：There were 8 common peaks in UPLC fingerprint of Chebulae Fructus and Chebulae Fructus Immaturus ，i.e. chebulic acid （peak 1），gallic acid （peak 2），punicalagin A （peak 3），punicalagin B （peak 4），corilagin（peak 6），chebulagic acid （peak 7）and chebulinic acid （peak 8）. The similarities of 17 batches of Chebulae Fructus were from 0.92 to 0.99，while 14 batches of Chebulae Fructus Immaturus were all above 0.99. The similarity of control fingerprint between Chebulae Fructus and Chebulae Fructus Immaturus was 0.909. PCA demonstrated the differences between Chebulae Fructus and Chebulae Fructus Immaturus . The results of PLS-DA were consistent with those of PCA ，and the variable importance in projection （VIP）values of peak 5，4，7，3 and 2 were above 1 in the PLS-DA model. In 31 batches of samples ，the contents of gallic acid （peak 2），punicalagin A（peak 3），punicalagin B （peak 4）and chebulagic acid （peak 7）were 2.63-10.31， 5.37-44.63，8.02-60.77，44.07-162.98 mg/g；RSDs were 40.14％， 47.91％ ，53.97％ ，36.22％（n＝31）. There was statistical significance in the differences of the mentioned 4 components between Chebulae Fructus and Chebulae Fructus Immaturus 719412818@qq.com （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS ：There are significant differences between Chebulae Fructus and Chebulae Fructus Immaturus gallic acid ，punicalagin A ，punicalagin B and chebulagic acid are the main difference components for identification.
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OBJECTIVE：Compare the fingerprint difference of Vaccariae Semen before and after processed （stir-fried），and to determine the contents of erythrine and vaccarin before and after stir-fried. METHODS ：UPLC method was adopted. The determination was performed on YMC Trait C 18 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-water （gradient elution ）at the flow rate of 0.35 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 219 nm，and the column temperature was 35 ℃. The sample size was 1 μL. Using vaccarin as reference，the fingerprints of Vaccariae Semen crude product and its processed product （each of 17 batches，S1-S17，CS18-CS34） were drawn. The similarity evaluation and common peak identification were carried out by Similarity Evaluation System of TCM Chromatographic Fingerprint （2012 edition）；cluster analysis ，principle component analysis （PCA）and factor analysis were performed by using SPSS 20.0 software. The contents of erythrine and vaccarin in Vaccariae Semen crude product and its processed product were determined by UPLC. RESULTS ：There were 5 common peaks in UPLC fingerprints of 17 batches of Vaccariae Semen crude product and its processed product. The similarities were all higher than 0.99. Among them ， 2 common peaks were identified ，i.e. erythrine ，vaccarin. Results of cluster analysis showed that S 1-S17 were clustered into one category and CS 18-CS34 were clustered into one category. Results of PCA and factor analysis showed that variance contribution rate of the first principle component was 76.418％；erythrine and vaccarin had higher loading on the first principal component （eigenvalues were 0.976 and 0.966，respectively）. The linear ranges of above 2 components were 6.437-321.832 μg/mL and 7.729-386.437 μg/mL，respectively（r＞0.999）. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.085，0.284 ng （crude product） and 0.739， 2.465 ng （processed product ）， respectively. RSDs of precision ，reproducibility，stability（12 h）and durability tests were all lower than 3％（n＝6 or n＝5）. E-mail：1083656123@qq.com Average recoveries were 96.42％（RSD＝0.85％，n＝6）and 99.13％（RSD＝1.74％，n＝6）. The contents of the two components were 0.11％-0.20％，0.42％-0.63％（crude product ）and 0.08％-0.11％，0.34％-0.50％（processed product ）. CONCLUSIONS ：UPLC fingerprint of Vaccariae Semen crude product and its processed product are established successfully. Although the chemical constituents in Vaccariae Semen are consistent before and after stir-fried ，the contents of erythrine and vaccarin are all decreased after stir-fried.
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Objective To understand the status of infection with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) in intensive care units(ICUs),and evaluate the intervention efficacy of targeted monitoring.Methods Prospective study was adopted,patients who were admitted to ICUs in 2014-2015 were selected (January-December 2014 was as preintervention stage,January-December 2015 was as intervention stage),trend of MDRO infection before and after intervention were compared and analyzed.Results Before and after intervention,297 and 217 strains of MDROs were isolated respectively,except carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonasaeruginosa (CRPA),the isolated strains of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacterbaunannii (CRAB),carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE),methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA),and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) declined after intervention.MDRO infection rate declined from 7.17 ％ before intervention to 3.88％ after intervention,infection rate of CRAB and CRE after intervention were both lower than before intervention (both P＜0.05);MDRO infection rates in general ICU and internal medicine ICU increased from 8.75％ and 7.84‰ before intervention to 4.39‰ and 2.28％ after intervention,respectively (both P＜0.05).After taking comprehensive intervention measures,compliance to prevention and control measures,such as ordering rate of doctor's advice on contact isolation for 24 hours,hand hygiene,health care workers' awareness all enhanced significantly(all P＜0.05).Conclusion Targeted monitoring and intervention measures can reduce isolation rate of MDROs in ICUs.