ABSTRACT
Background: The global population continues to rise at different rates in different parts of the world. While some countries are seeing a fast population increase, others are experiencing population loss. Significant ramifications of such changes in the global population distribution would be felt, as they are critical for meeting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), or we might say that rapid population expansion poses obstacles to sustainable development. Estimating the population size and composition by age, sex, and other demographic parameters is crucial for analyzing the country’s future influence on poverty, sustainability, and development. This study tries to look at these parameters covered by the National Family Health Survey- 5 (NFHS 5) to see how accurate and trustworthy the predictors of district population size are. Methodology: The study assessed the predictors of the population size of any district. It was conducted using the secondary data of phase 1 of NFHS-5. The outcome variable is the population of each district. Household profiles, literacy among women, their marriage and fertility, contraceptive usage, and unmet need for family planning were considered to assess their potential as a predictor of the district’s population size. Principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted to identify the predictors. Result: PCA was conducted on 18 variables, resulting in 7 principal components. Cumulatively, these components explained 77.6% of the total variation in data. On multiple linear regression, four principal components were found significant and these were related to women’s literacy, contraceptive usage, early pregnancy, the marriage of fewer than 18 years, and those using health insurance. Conclusion: Thus, women’s literacy plays a pivotal role in determining a region’s population size.
ABSTRACT
@#Novel coronavirus disease, the latest world pandemic is one of the most contagious viral infections to date. There has been a lack of uniformity on recognizing this condition clinically because of poorly understood pathophysiology and clinical nature. Also due to ongoing clinical trials, its management is also varied. This is a systematic review from evidence-based studies until March 1st, 2020, covering an update on its clinical features and management. This study shows the multisystem involvement of COVID-19 with dominant respiratory features followed by the musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal system and others. The clinical features varied from asymptomatic to severe forms. Major causes of fatality were acute respiratory distress syndrome, shock, acute cardiac injury, acute kidney injury, rhabdomyolysis, and arrhythmia. Major modalities of management included supportive, antiviral and antibiotic therapy. There was no direct relationship between the specific treatment and the outcome.
ABSTRACT
Background: Iodine Deficiency Disorder is major public health problem causing increased perinatal mortality, mental retardation and goiter and all these morbidities are preventable. Most effective and inexpensive mode to prevent IDD is consumption of iodized salt. Objectives: To estimate the proportion of households using adequately iodized salt in Begusarai district, to assess the knowledge of households on consumption and storage of salt and to estimate Total Goitre Rate (TGR). Material and Methods: Community- based cross sectional study carried out on 412 household from 30 cluster in Begusarai district using cluster sampling technique. Children (6-12 years) were examined clinically for goitre status and sample of household salt was collected for testing iodine content. Iodine content estimation was done both quantitatively by titration and qualitatively by MBI kit. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 22. Result: The respondents were mainly female (92.8%) of mean age 34 years. Three- fifth (61.6%) participants used packaged crushed salt for cooking purpose, followed by packaged crystal (30.5%). Only 12.1 % of the respondents gave affirmative answer for presence of label and logo. Storage of salt in container with lid was 78.5%. The proportion of household using adequately iodized salt was 78%. The sensitivity MBI kit was 61% and the Total goiter rate was 9.3%. Conclusion: The Begusarai district falls in mild public health problem for IDD as TGR is more than 5% and even after many decades of effort towards achieving an adequately salt iodization of more than 90%, it is 79% only.