Long-Term Mortality in Cardioinhibitory Carotid Sinus Hypersensitivity Patient Cohort / Mortalidade de uma Coorte de Portadores da Resposta Cardioinibitória à Massagem do Seio Carotídeo - Estudo Longitudinal com 11 Anos de Seguimento

Abstract Background: Cardioinhibitory carotid sinus hypersensitivity (CICSH) is defined as ventricular asystole ≥ 3 seconds in response to 5-10 seconds of carotid sinus massage (CSM). There is a common concern that a prolonged asystole episode could lead to death directly from bradycardia or as a consequence of serious trauma, brain injury or pause-dependent ventricular arrhythmias. Objective: To describe total mortality, cardiovascular mortality and trauma-related mortality of a cohort of CICSH patients, and to compare those mortalities with those found in a non-CICSH patient cohort. Methods: In 2006, 502 patients ≥ 50 years of age were submitted to CSM. Fifty-two patients (10,4%) were identified with CICSH. Survival of this cohort was compared with that of another cohort of 408 non-CICSH patients using Kaplan-Meier curves. Cox regression was used to examine the relation between CICSH and mortality. The level of statistical significance was set at 0.05. Results: After a maximum follow-up of 11.6 years, 29 of the 52 CICSH patients (55.8%) were dead. Cardiovascular mortality, trauma-related mortality and the total mortality rate of this population were not statistically different from that found in 408 patients without CICSH. (Total mortality of CICSH patients 55.8% vs. 49,3% of non-CICSH patients; p: 0.38). Conclusion: At the end of follow-up, the 52 CICSH patient cohort had total mortality, cardiovascular mortality and trauma-related mortality similar to that found in 408 patients without CICSH.

Resumo Fundamento: A resposta cardioinibitória (RCI) à massagem do seio carotídeo (MSC) caracteriza-se por assistolia ≥ 3 segundos provocada por 5 a 10 segundos de MSC. Existe uma preocupação de que pacientes com RCI e episódios prolongados de assistolia possam falecer em consequência direta de bradiarritmia, ou em decorrência de lesão cerebral, trauma grave ou arritmia ventricular pausa dependente. Objetivos: Determinar a mortalidade total, a mortalidade cardiovascular e a mortalidade relacionada ao trauma de uma coorte de pacientes com RCI à MSC e comparar essas mortalidades com as de uma coorte de pacientes sem RCI à MSC. Métodos: Em 2006, 502 pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 50 anos foram submetidos à MSC. Destes, 52 pacientes (10,4%) foram identificados com RCI. A sobrevida desta coorte foi comparada àquela observada em uma coorte de 408 pacientes sem RCI por meio de curvas de Kaplan-Meier. A regressão de Cox foi utilizada para avaliação da relação entre a RCI à MSC e a mortalidade. Variáveis com p < 0,05 foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas. Resultados: Após seguimento máximo de 11,6 anos, 29 dos 52 portadores de RCI (55,8%) faleceram. A mortalidade total, a mortalidade cardiovascular e a mortalidade relacionada ao trauma desta coorte de pacientes não foram significativamente diferentes daquelas encontradas nos 408 pacientes sem RCI (mortalidade total com RCI: 55,8% versus 49,3% sem RCI; p: 0,38). Conclusões: No fim do seguimento, a mortalidade dos 52 portadores de RCI foi semelhante à observada em uma coorte de pacientes sem RCI. A mortalidade cardiovascular e a relacionada ao trauma também foi semelhante nas duas coortes.

Association between work and common mental disorders in school adolescents: the erica study

OBJECTIVES: Adolescence is characterized by continuing profound mental, physical, and social changes and entering into the labor market during this phase may have negative consequences on physical and mental health. Common mental disorders (CMD) are characterized as disorders of mental functions, including symptoms of depression and anxiety as well as various nonspecific and somatic complaints such as reduced ability to concentrate, tiredness, irritation, and forgetfulness. Despite its increasing prevalence, few studies have addressed CMD and its association with work, in adolescents. In the present study, we aimed to identify the main factors associated with CMD and evaluated its association with work, in school adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 12 to 17-year-old adolescent students using a self-administered questionnaire with questions related to work. CMD was verified using the General Health Questionnaire of 12 items. In total, 3424 adolescents were studied. RESULTS: The prevalence of CMD and work in the last year was 28.72% and 19.63%, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounding variables, multivariate analysis showed associations of CMD with female gender (OR=2.72) and work (OR=1.70). CONCLUSION: In the present study, a high number of cases of CMD were observed among the studied adolescents. Female gender and work history in the last year were negatively and independently associated with the presence of CMD.

Preditores da indicação de coronariografia pós-cintilografia miocárdica de perfusão / Predictors for indication to catheterization after myocardial perfusion gated spec

Fundamentos: Pacientes coronariopatas portadores de disfunção ventricular esquerda apresentam maior mortalidade e por isso são os maiores beneficiados de procedimento de revascularização miocárdica. Estudo anterior demonstrou que a fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) é um determinante negativo para realização de cateterismo cardíaco (CAT) após a realização de cintilografia miocárdica de perfusão (CMP). Objetivo: Determinar os fatores clínicos e cintilográficos associados à indicação de cateterismo cardíaco em pacientes submetidos a CMP. População: Pacientes consecutivamente submetidos a CMP no período de março de 2008 a dezembro de 2012. Metodologia: Todos os pacientes submetidos a CMP durante o estudo foram cadastrados num banco de dados, onde foram registrados os dados epidemiológicos, clínicos e cintilográficos (escores de perfusão e FEVE). Pacientes ou seus médicos assistentes foram contatados semestralmente por telefone para acompanhamento. Para análise estatística, foram realizadas análise univariada e selecionadas as variáveis para a inclusão em um modelo de regressão logística. Resultados: Foram submetidos a CMP 5536 pacientes, dos quais 643 realizaram CAT após o exame. Este grupo apresenta maior prevalência do sexo masculino, hipertensos, dislipidêmicos e revascularizados previamente. Os pacientes submetidos ao CAT têm angina com mais frequência, escores de isquemia mais extensos e menor FEVE. Apenas a presença de angina (IC 95% 1,2 - 1,7; p < 0,001) e a extensão de isquemia (IC 95% 1,2 - 1,3; p < 0,001) se mostraram variáveis independentes para indicação de CAT. Conclusão: A presença de angina e a extensão de isquemia foram os principais preditores para indicação de CAT pós-CMP enquanto a FEVE menor não foi um preditor independente

Background: Patients with coronary artery disease with left ventricular dysfunction present higher mortality and are the major beneficiaries of a myocardial revascularization procedure. A previous study showed that left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is a negative determinant for cardiac catheterization (CAT) after myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS). Objective: To determine clinical and scintigraphic factors associated with cardiac catheterization (CAT) indication in patients undergoing myocardial perfusion SPECT (MPS).Population: Patients consecutively submitted to PMC in the period from March 2008 to December 2012. Methods: All patients undergoing MPS during the study were recorded in a data bank, where epidemiological, clinical and scintigraphic data (perfusion scores and LVEF) were recorded. Patients or their attending physicians were contacted by phone semiannually for follow-up. For statistical analysis, univariate analyzes were performed and variables were selected for inclusion in a logistic regression model. Results: 5536 patients were submitted to MPS, of which 643 performed CAT after the examination. This group presents a higher prevalence of males, hypertensive, dyslipidemic and previously revascularized. Patients undergoing CAT have angina more frequently, more extensive ischemia scores and lower LVEF. Only presence of angina (IC95% 1.2 - 1.7, p < 0.001) and extent of ischemia (95% CI 1.2 - 1.3, p < 0.001) were independent variables for CAT indication. Conclusion: The presence of angina and the extent of ischemia were the main predictors for CAT post-MPS indication while lower LVEF was not an independent predictor

Changes in Medical Management after Coronary CT Angiography / Mudanças no Manejo Clínico após Angiotomografia Coronariana

AbstractIntroduction:Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) allows for non-invasive coronary artery disease (CAD) phenotyping. There are still some uncertainties regarding the impact this knowledge has on the clinical care of patients.Objective:To determine whether CAD phenotyping by CCTA influences clinical decision making by the prescription of cardiovascular drugs and their impact on non-LDL cholesterol (NLDLC) levels.Methods:We analysed consecutive patients from 2008 to 2011 submitted to CCTA without previous diagnosis of CAD that had two serial measures of NLDLC, one up to 3 months before CCTA and the second from 3 to 6 months after.Results:A total of 97 patients were included, of which 69% were men, mean age 64 ± 12 years. CCTA revealed that 18 (18%) patients had no CAD, 38 (39%) had non-obstructive (< 50%) lesions and 41 (42%) had at least one obstructive ≥ 50% lesion. NLDLC was similar at baseline between the grups (138 ± 52 mg/dL vs. 135 ± 42 mg/dL vs. 131 ± 44 mg/dL, respectively, p = 0.32). We found significative reduction in NLDLC among patients with obstrctive lesions (-18%, p = 0.001). We also found a positive relationship between clinical treatment intensification with aspirin and cholesterol reducing drugs and the severity of CAD.Conclusion:Our data suggest that CCTA results were used for cardiovascular clinical treatment titration, with especial intensification seen in patients with obstructive ≥50% CAD.

ResumoFundamento:A Angiotomografia Coronariana (AngioTC Cor) permite a fenotipagem de Doença Arterial Coronariana (DAC) de forma não invasiva. Ainda há incertezas sobre o impacto que esse conhecimento promove no tratamento clínico do paciente.Objetivo:Avaliar se a fenotipagem da DAC por AngioTC Cor influencia na tomada de decisão sobre o início da terapêutica cardiovascular e seu impacto nos níveis séricos de colesterol não HDL (CNHDL).Métodos:Foram analisados pacientes consecutivos sem diagnóstico prévio de DAC que realizaram AngioTC Cor entre os anos 2008 e 2011 e que possuíam duas dosagens seriadas de colesterol até três meses antes da AngioTC Cor, e de três a seis meses após.Resultados:Um total de 97 pacientes foram incluídos, sendo 69% homens, idade média de 64 ± 12 anos. A AngioTC Cor revelou que 18 (18%) pacientes não tinham lesões detectáveis, 38 (39%) tinham lesões não obstrutivas < 50%, e 41 (42%) tinham ao menos uma lesão obstrutiva ≥ 50%. As medidas de CNHDL basal foram similares entre os grupos, (138 ± 52 mg/dL vs. 135 ± 42 mg/dL vs. 131 ± 44 mg/dL, respectivamente, p = 0,32). Observou-se redução significativa do CNHDL apenas no grupo com lesões obstrutivas ≥ 50% (-18%, p = 0,001). Observa-se ainda relação entre a intensificação do tratamento clínico com AAS e drogas redutoras de colesterol proporcional à gravidade da DAC pela AngioTC Cor.Conclusão:Esses dados sugerem que o resultado da AngioTC Cor foi utilizado para a titulação terapêutica de pacientes com DAC, sendo o tratamento intensificado especialmente em DAC obstrutiva ≥ 50%.

A idade influencia os desfechos em pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 70 anos submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica isolada / Age influences outcomes in 70-year or older patients undergoing isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery

OBJETIVO: Analisar os resultados da cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRVM) isolada com circulação extracorpórea em pacientes com idade > 70 anos em comparação àqueles com < 70 anos. MÉTODOS: Pacientes submetidos consecutivamente à CRVM isolada. Os pacientes foram agrupados em G1 (idade e" 70 anos) e G2 (idade < 70 anos). Os desfechos analisados foram letalidade hospitalar, infarto agudo miocárdio (IAM), acidente vascular encefálico (AVE), reoperação para revisão de hemostasia (RRH), necessidade de balão intra-aórtico (BIA), complicações respiratórias, insuficiência renal aguda (IRA), mediastinite, sepse, fibrilação atrial (FA) e bloqueio atrioventricular total (BAVT). RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 1033 pacientes, 257 (24,8%) do G1 e 776 (75,2%) do G2. A letalidade hospitalar foi significantemente maior no G1 quando comparado ao G2 (8,9% vs. 3,6%, P=0,001), enquanto a incidência de IAM foi semelhante (5,8% vs. 5,5%; P=0,87). Maior número de pacientes do G1 necessitou de RRH (12,1% vs. 6,1%; P=0,003). Da mesma forma, no G1 houve maior incidência de complicações respiratórias (21,4% vs. 9,1%; P<0,001), mediastinite (5,1% vs. 1,9%; P=0,013), AVE (3,9% vs. 1,3%; P=0,016), IRA (7,8% vs. 1,3%, P<0,001), sepse (3,9% vs. 1,9%; P=0,003), fibrilação atrial (15,6% vs. 9,8%; P=0,016) e BAVT (3,5% vs. 1,2%; P=0,023) do que o G2. Não houve diferença significante na necessidade de BIA. Na análise regressão logística multivariada "forward stepwise", a idade >70 anos foi fator preditivo independente para maior letalidade operatória (P=0,004) e para RRH (P=0,002), sepse (P=0,002), complicações respiratórias (P<0,001), mediastinite (P=0,016), AVE (P=0,029), IRA (P<0,001), FA (P=0,021) e BAVT (P=0,031) no pós-operatório. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo sugere que pacientes com idade > 70 anos estão sob maior risco de morte e outras complicações no pós-operatório de CRVM em comparação aos pacientes mais jovens.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the results of isolated on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) in patients >70 years-old in comparison to patients <70 years-old. METHODS: Patients undergoing isolated CABG were selected for the study. The patients were grouped in G1 (age > 70 years-old) and G2 (age <70 years-old). The endpoints were in-hospital mortality, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, reexploration for bleeding, intra-aortic balloon for circulatory shock, respiratory complications, acute renal failure, mediastinitis, sepsis, atrial fibrillation, and complete atrioventricular block (CAVB). RESULTS: 1,033 patients were included, 257 (24.8%) in G1 and 776 (75.2%) in G2. Patients in G1 were more likely to have in-hospital mortality than G2 (8.9% vs. 3.6%, respectively; P=0.001), while the incidence of AMI was similar (5.8% vs. 5.5%; P=0.87) than G2. More patients in G1 had re-exploration for bleeding (12.1% vs. 6.1%; P=0.003). G1 had more incidence of respiratory complications (21.4% vs. 9.1%; P<0.001), mediastinitis (5.1% vs. 1.9%; P=0.013), stroke (3.9% vs. 1.3%; P=0.016), acute renal failure (7.8% vs. 1.3%; P<0.001), sepsis (3.9% vs. 1.9%;P=0.003), atrial fibrillation (15.6% vs. 9.8%; P=0.016), and CAVB (3.5% vs. 1.2%; P=0.023) than G2. There was no significant difference in the use of intra-aortic balloon. In the forward stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis age > 70-year-old was an independent predictive factor for higher in-hospital mortality (P=0.004), reexploration for bleeding (P=0.002), sepsis (P=0.002), respiratory complications (P<0.001), mediastinitis (P=0.016), stroke (P=0.029), acute renal failure (P<0.001), atrial fibrillation (P=0.021) and CAVB (P=0.031). CONCLUSION: This study suggests that patients > 70 years-old were at increased risk of death and other complications in the CABG's postoperative period in comparison to younger patients.

Risk of coronary artery disease in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus

Current treatment for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has improved survival and allowed infected patients to develop atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD). Specific strategies to reduce cardiovascular risk in the infected population have not been developed. It is necessary to know the magnitude of cardiovascular risk in this population. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess cardiovascular risk using a well-known clinical score and to investigate coronary artery calcium scoring (CACS) in this population. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. Adults with HIV infection were studied. Demographic, clinical and anthropometric data, serum glucose and lipids were obtained. Cardiovascular risk was calculated through Framingham risk score (FRS) and CACS. Categorical variables were compared by Chi-square or Fisher's exact test, and continuous variables were analyzed by Student t test or Mann-Whitney test. An analysis of concordance between FRS and CACS was performed using kappa statistic. RESULTS: Forty patients, aged 45.9 ± 8.1 years, were studied. Age of risk for CAD were found in 30.0 percent, hypertension in 55.0 percent, diabetes in 10.0 percent, smoking in 35.0 percent, dyslipidemia in 67.5 percent and family history of CAD in 57.5 percent. Altered levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were found in 30.0 percent, 25.0 percent and 82.5 percent, respectively. HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were altered more frequently among protease inhibitors users. The FRS classified the risk as low for 72.5 percent, moderate for 25.0 percent, and high for 2.5 percent. CACS > 0 was found in 32.5 percent of the patients, in 67.5 percent the score was low, in 17.5 percent moderate, and in 15.0 percent high. Concordance between FRS and CACS showed a kappa = 0.435. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of risk factors for CAD in the studied population, with dyslipidemia being the most frequent. HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were the most frequently altered factors and were associated with the use of protease inhibitors. Risk assessed by the FRS was low in most cases. CACS > 0 was found in 32.5 percent, demonstrating the need to re-evaluate the strategies for assessing cardiovascular risk in the HIV-infected population.

Comparação da eficácia de um protocolo acelerado de estresse com dobutamina usando injeção precoce de atropina na cintiligrafia miocárdica de perfusão / Comparison of the efficacy of a new accelerated stress protocol with dobutamine using early injection of atropine in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy

Objetivo: Comparar a capacidade de induzir defeitos na cintilografia miocárdica de perfusão (CMP) em dois protocolos de estresse com dobutamina (Dob) em pacientes encaminhados para a realização de CMP. Métodos: Foram encaminhados 168 pacientes para a realização de CMP após estresse com Dob. Todos apresentavam contra indicação para a realização de estresse com vasodilatador. Os pacientes foram randomizados para um dos dois protocolos, constitutindo dois grupos: 1)Protocolo convencional: Doses progressivas de Dob (de 10mg/ kg/ min a intervalos de 3 minutos) até 40mg/ kg/ min, objetivando atingir, no mínuno, 85 por cento da frquência cardíaca (FC) máxima prevista para a idade, podendo-se acrescentar 0,5mg - 2,0mg de atropina à dose máxima de Dob quando esse objetivo não fosse alcançado 2) Protocolo acelerado: Doses progressivas de Dob visando a atingir o mesmo objetivo em termos de FC, porém administrado a atropina ao final do primeiro estágio (10mg/ kg/ min por 3 minutos). Foram comparados...

Objective: To compare two stress protocols with Dob in patients undergoing myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS). Methods: 168 patients undergoing Dob-MPS wereconsecutively studied. Two protocols were used randomly: progressive doses of Dob (steps of 10mg/kg/min at 3minintervals) up to 40mg/kg/min, aiming a minimum of 85% of the age corrected maximal predicted heart rate (HR),possibly adding atropine to maximal Dob dose in case HR was not achieved (conventional protocol) or progressivedoses of Dob aiming at the same HR, but adding atropine at the end of the first stage (accelerated protocol). Wecompared age, gender, coronary risk factors, angina, history of myocardial infarction or revascularization, maximalHR, percentage of maximal predicted HR, rate-pressure product, ST changes and MPS scores. Results: Both groups presented similar demographic andclinical characteristics. We did not observe significant differences between the groups as maximal HR, percentageof achieved maximal HR, rate pressure product, ST changes, incidence of normal scans and perfusion scores.Conclusion: A new protocol with early atropine administration achieved the same perfusion scores in MPS as the conventional Dob protocol.

Estudo comparativo entre o protocolo convencional de estresse com dobutamina e um novo protocolo mais rápido e com menos efeitos adversos / Comparative study between the conventional dobutamine stress protocol and new faster protocol with fewer adverse effects

Fundamentos: a cintilografia de perfusão miocárdica (CPM) após estresse com dobutamina (Dob) tem o seu valor diagnóstico comprovado, sendo principalmente utilizada em pacientes com contra-indicação para emprego de vasodilatadores, como dipiridamol ou adenosina.No entanto, o protocolo convencional recomendado para estresse com Dob é demorado e com efeitos adversos frequentes.Objetivos:comparar dois protocolos de estresse com Dob em pacientes encaminhados para a realização de CPM.Métodos: Foram estudados consecutivamente 110 pacientes encaminhados para a realização de CPM após estresse com Dob. Todos apresentavam contra-indicação para a realização de estresse com vasodilatador...