Caracterización de la infestación de viviendas por Aedes aegypti en el área metropolitana de Cochabamba, Bolivia: nuevos registros altitudinales / Characterization of dwellings' infestation by Aedes aegypti in the metropolitan area of Cochabamba, Bolivia: new altitudinal records

La rápida proliferación del vector en áreas de clima cálido y baja altitud, como el oriente y la amazonia boliviana, generó la necesidad de analizar la adaptabilidad del A. aegypti en zonas templadas, tal es el caso de los valles mesotérmicos de la ciudad metropolitana de Cochabamba. La evaluación entomológica se realizó en una muestra de 264 viviendas seleccionadas al azar en Abril del 2016. El área de estudio abarca zonas urbanas de seis municipios (Cercado, Sacaba, Colcapirhua, Tiquipaya, Quillacollo y Vinto) del departamento de Cochabamba. El diseño para el estudio fue epidemiológico, transversal de diagnóstico comunitario. De la muestra referida, 100 viviendas se encontraron larvas de A. aegypti , que corresponde a un 38% de infestación larvaria y un Índice Breteau de 1,0. Las llantas, turriles y recipientes desechables son un factor de riesgo para la propagación y adaptación del vector en nuestra región. Los hallazgos confirman la dispersión del A. aegypti con algunas regiones con mayor prevalencia (zona sud de cercado urbano, Colcapirhua y Quillacollo en el valle bajo). También se evidenció por primera vez que la dispersión y colonización de larvas de A. aegypti en el área de estudio alcanzó una altura mínima de 2 538 m/s/n/m. y una altura máxima de 2 623 m.s.n.m. La prevención y el control de A. aegypti , en la metrópoli de Cochabamba va a requerir un trabajo mancomunado integral e intersectorial enfocados en una estrategia de intervención de gestión socioambiental de corresponsabilidad y participación comunitaria, generando como resultado un Manejo Integrado del Vector.

The fast proliferation of the vector at warm weather and low altitude over the sea level, such as the Bolivian valleys (as Cochabamba city), generates the need to analyze the adaptability of A. aegypti . This study of comunitary diagnosis, was developed at the metropolitan area of Cochabamba city, it confirms an spread A. aegypti , shown by georeferences of identified focus of high prevalence (sud of the city, Colcapirhua and Quillacollo as a low valley). For the first time this vector spread, reached between 2 538 to 2 623 meters over sea level. From 264 inspected houses over the city, 100 cases were found positive for A. aegypti (38%) (Breteau Index: 1,0). According to the study, tires, barrels and small containers are a risk factor for the spread and adaptation of the vector in our region. Prevention and control of A. aegypti in the metropolis of Cochabamba will require an integrated and intersectoral joint work, focused on a strategy of intervention socio-environmental and community participation, generating results in an Integrated Vector Management.

Evidência da resposta folicular ao FSH pelo hormônio antimülleriano em mulheres ovulatórias / Evidence of follicle responsiveness to FSH by antimüllerian hormone in ovulating women

OBJETIVO: examinar a hipótese de que o nível sérico do hormônio antimülleriano (AMH) reflete a resposta dos folículos antrais à administração do FSH. MÉTODOS: estudo prospectivo, no qual foram incluídas 116 pacientes normo-ovulatórias inférteis submetidas à hiperestimulação ovariana controlada com agonista de GnRH e FSH. Depois de atingir a supressão pituitária e antes da administração de FSH (dia basal), o nível sérico de AMH foi mensurado. O número de folículos antrais foi determinado pela ultrassonografia no dia basal (folículos antrais precoces; 2 a 8 mm) e no dia da administração do hCG (dhCG; folículos pré-ovulatórios; >16 mm). A resposta folicular ao FSH foi determinada pela percentagem de folículos antrais precoces que atingiram os estágios pré-ovulatórios em resposta ao FSH (taxa de maturação). Foram estudadas as correlações do AMH com a idade das pacientes, número total de folículos antrais precoces e pré-ovulatórios, oócitos coletados, dose total de FSH na estimulação ovariana controlada e a taxa de maturação folicular. Para análise estatística, foram usados a regressão simples e o teste de Spearman's, com nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: o nível sérico de AMH foi positivamente correlacionado com o número de folículos antrais precoces no dia basal (r=0,64; p<0,0001) e folículos pré-ovulatórios em dhCG (r=0,23; p=0,01). Excepcionalmente, o nível sérico de AMH foi negativamente correlacionado com a taxa de maturação (r=-0,24; p<0,008). CONCLUSÕES: o AMH atenua o desenvolvimento folicular em resposta à administração do FSH.

PURPOSE: to test the hypothesis that the anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) serum level reflects the antral follicles' response to the administration of FSH. METHODS: prospective study, including 116 normo-ovulatory infertile patients submitted to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with GnRH and FSH agonists. The AMH serum level was measured after reaching the pituitary suppression and before the FSH administration (basal day). The number of antral follicles was determined by ultrasonography at the basal day (precocious antral follicles; 2 to 8 mm) and at the day of hCG administration (dhCG; pre-ovulatory follicles; >16 mm). The follicle response to FSH was determined by the percentage of precocious antral follicles which reached pre-ovulatory stage in response to FSH (maturation rate). The correlation of AMH with the patients' age, the total number of precocious antral and pre-ovulatory follicles, collected oocytes, total dose of FHS in the controlled ovarian stimulation and the rate of follicular maturation was studied. For the statistical analysis, it simple regression analysis and the Spearman's test were used, at a 5% significance level. RESULTS: The serum level of AMH was positively correlated with the number of precocious antral follicles at the basal day (r=0.64; p<0.0001) and pre-ovulatory follicles in dhCG (r=0.23; p=0.01). Exceptionally, the serum level of AMH was negatively correlated with the maturation ratio (r=-0.24; p<0.008). CONCLUSIONS: AMH attenuates the follicular development caused by FSH administration.

Relação entre os níveis séricos do hormônio anti-Mulleriano, inibina B, estradiol e hormônio folículo estimulante no terceiro dia e o status folicular ovariano / Relationship of serum anti-Müllerian hormone, inhibin B, estradiol and FSH on day 3 with ovarian follicular status

OBJETIVO: examinar a hipótese de que o nível sérico do hormônio anti-Mülleriano (HAM) reflete o status folicular ovariano. MÉTODOS: Desenho: estudo prospectivo. Pacientes: foram incluídas 101 candidatas à FIV-TE submetidas à estimulação ovariana controlada com agonista de GnRH e FSH. Depois de atingir a supressão da hipófise e antes da administração de FSH (dia basal), os níveis séricos de HAM, inibina B e FSH foram avaliados. O número de folículos antrais foi determinado pela ultra-sonografia (dia basal) (folículo antral precoce; 3-10 mm). RESULTADOS: as médias do nível sérico de HAM, inhibina B, E2, P4 e FSH (dia basal) foram 3,4±0,14 ng/mL, 89±4,8 pg/mL, 34±2,7 pg/mL, 0,22±0,23 ng/mL e 6,6±0,1 mUI/mL, respectivamente, e a média do número de folículos antrais precoces foi 17±0,39. O nível sérico do HAM foi negativamente correlacionado com a idade (r= -0,19, p<0,04) e positivamente correlacionado com o número de folículos antrais precoces (r=0,65, p<0,0001), mas isto não se aplicou aos níveis séricos de inibina B, E2 e FSH. CONCLUSÕES: esse dado demonstra a associação do HAM com a quantidade de folículo antral, sendo aquele, portanto, um provável biomarcador do status folicular ovariano.

PURPOSE: to examine the hypothesis that serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels reflect the ovarian follicular status. METHODS: Design: prospective study. Patients: we studied 101 IVF-ET candidates undergoing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with GnRH agonist and FSH. After the achievement of pituitary suppression and before FSH administration (baseline), serum AMH, inhibin B, and FSH levels were measured. The number of antral follicles was determined by ultrasound at baseline (early antral follicles; 3-10 mm). RESULTS: at baseline, median serum levels of AMH, inhibin B, E2, P4 and FSH were 3.42±0.14 ng/mL, 89±4.8 pg/mL, 34±2.7 pg/mL, 0.22±0.23 ng/mL and 6.6±0.1 mIU/mL, respectively, and the mean number of early antral follicles was 17±0.39. Serum levels of AMH were negatively correlated with age (r=-0.19, p<0.04), and positively correlated with number of antral follicles (r=0.65, p<0.0001), but this did not apply to serum levels of either inhibin B, E2 or FSH. CONCLUSION: the data demonstrate an association between AMH and antral follicular counts. Therefore, AMH is probable a biomarker of ovarian follicular status.

Apremio farmacológico en la enfermedad de Chagas: estudio con eco-Doppler / Pharmacological stress in Chagas disease: a Doppler-echo study

Las velocidades miocárdicas evaluadas por Doppler pulsado tisular (DPT) presentan un incremento promedio del 140 por ciento bajo efecto del eco estrés con dobutamina en sujetos normales. Objetivos: El propósito del estudio fue investigar si el eco estrés con dobutamina asociado con el DPT del ventrículo izquierdo (VI) podría evidenciar miocardiopatía incipiente en pacientes con enfermedad de Chagas sin cardiopatía demostrada por exámenes convencionales. Se estudiaron 39 pacientes (14 hombres y 25 mujeres), cuya edad media era de 44 años (rango 29 a 67), seropositivos para enfermedad de Chagas sin cardiopatía evidente (grupo A). Se determinaron la frecuencia cardíaca (FC) y la tensión arterial sistólica y diastólica (TAS y TAD). Se realizaron radiografía de tórax y ECG. Por eco-Doppler se midieron los siguientes parámetros: diámetros del ventrículo izquierdo diastólico (DDVI) y sistólico (DSVI), fracción de acortamiento (FA), motilidad segmentaria y fracción de acortamiento de área del VI (FAA), velocidades (V) E, A (m/seg) y relación E/A del flujo mitral. Con DPT se evaluaron en los segmentos basal de la pared anterolateral y medio del septum inferior las velocidades miocárdicas (Vm) diastólicas Em (velocidad miocárdica durante el llenado rápido), Am (velocidad miocárdica durante la contracción auricular), sistólica Sm y relación Em/Am. Se administró dobutamina en dosis de hasta 40 gammas/kg/min y se repitieronlas determinaciones con la dosis máxima. Estos resultados se compararon con los obtenidos en 15 sujetos normales (grupo B). Resultados: Posdobutamina, la FC se incrementó de 65 a 120 latidos por minuto (lpm) en el grupo A (p < 0,001) y de 74 a 151 lpm en el grupo B (p < 0,001). La FC máxima alcanzada fue menor en el grupo A que en el grupo B: 120 versus 151 lpm (p < 0,01).La motilidad parietal fue normal en 38 pacientes (grupo A). Posdobutamina, los incrementos de las Vm respecto de las Vm basales fueron en el grupo A: Em 9 por ciento (ns), Am 6,6 por c...

In normal subjects, myocardial velocities assessed with Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) increase by a mean of 140% during dobutamine stress echocardiography. Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate whether dobutamine stress echo associated with left ventricular (LV) DTI could demonstrate incipient cardiomyopathy in patients with Chagas disease without evidence of heart disease assessed by conventional tests. We evaluated 39 patients (14 men and 25 women) with a mean age of 44 years (range 29 to 67 years), who were serologically positive for Chagas disease without obvious heart disease (group A). Heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured. Chest X-rays and ECG’s were performed. The following parameters were measured with Doppler-echocardiography: left ventricular diastolic (LVDD) and systolic (LVSD) diameters, fractional shortening (FS), segmental wall motion and LV area fractional shortening (AFS), E and A velocities (m/ sec) and mitral flow E/A ratio. Myocardial velocities (Vm), diastolic Em velocity (myocardial velocity during rapid filling), Am (myocardial velocity during atrial contraction), Sm systolic velocity and the Em/ Am ratio were measured with DTI in the basal segment of the anterolateral wall and the mid segment of the lower septum. Dobutamine was administered up to a dose of 40 gammas/kg/min and measurements were repeated with the maximum dose. These results were compared to those obtained in 15 normal subjects (group B). Results Post dobutamine, HR increased from 65 beats per minute (bpm) to 120 bpm in group A (p<0.001) and from 74 to 151 bpm in group B (p<0.001). Maximum HR attained was lower in group A than in group B; i.e., 120 vs. 151 bpm (p<0.01). Wall motion was normal in 38 patients (group A). Post dobutamine, the increase in Vm compared to baseline Vm were, in group A: Em 9% (NS), Am 6.6% (NS) and Sm 15% (NS) and in group B: Em 46%...

Optimising the semi natural cycle IVF: the importance of follicular flushing.

To evaluate the importance of follicular flushing on semi natural cycles IVF, we have compared prospectively the reproductive potential of oocytes obtained from follicular fluid (group A, n = 79) to those obtained from follicular flushing (group B, n = 47) in 146 oocyte pick-ups. The groups A and B were similar on the fertilisation rate (79.7% versus 88.1%, respectively), percentage of superior grade embryos (28.8% versus 37.8%) and the implantation rate (24.1% versus 44.1%) and 53.6% of total clinical pregnancies were obtained from group B. The practice of follicular flushing on IVF semi natural cycle improves the pregnancy rate. The oocytes obtained by follicular flushing had the same reproductive potential than those obtained on follicular fluid.