Clinical epidemiological principles in bedside teaching.

Medical education emphasises the transmission of large amounts of short-lived medical information. Strategies must be developed to generate in the students, attitudes towards the independent search for and critical appraisal of evidences. Two complementary strategies are particularly well suited to promote these types of attitudes: clinical epidemiology and evidence-based clinical practice. Clinical epidemiology (CE) has been defined as "the science of making predictions about individual patients by counting clinical events in similar patients, using strong methods for studies of groups of patients to ensure that the predictions are accurate. The purpose of CE is to develop and apply methods of clinical observation that will lead to valid conclusions by avoiding being misled by systematic error and chance". On the other hand, evidence based practice has been defined as "an approach to the practice of medicine in which the clinician is aware not only of the evidences which support clinical practice, but the strength and soundness of such evidences". The paper discusses the usefulness of clinical epidemiology and evidence-based health practice for rational decision making at the bedside, and also as tools for clinical teaching. An example involving evidence-based strategies for the management of a patient with bronchiolitis in the emergency room is discussed.

Reading a journal article.

Journal reading is an important continuing educational activity in terms of physician preference, frequency of use amount of time devoted to it and impact in changing practice. Clinicians trying to obtain information from journals face several tasks, including the need to assess both the quality and the applicability of the information found in published articles. This article describes the general principles for reading, critically, scientific papers that report clinical research results, which include establishing the kind of question that the authors were trying to answer, the type of study done, if the research design was appropriate for the question, and if it was conducted correctly. According to several available guidelines, once the reader has a clear idea of the study question it is necessary to assess the methods described by the authors in order to evaluate whether the research strategy used is likely to have errors resulting from bias and chance (random) variation. If the paper methodology seems to be adequate, the reader should proceed to determine the results of the article and their potential clinical impact. Finally, the reader must establish the extent to which the results are helpful in caring for his or her own patients, which means assessing the external validity and other related issues. The use of these strategies will improve the efficiency of readers for incorporating research results to their practice.