ABSTRACT
As a treatment option for cancer, thermal ablation has satisfactory effects on many types of solid tumors (such as liver and renal cancers). However, its clinical applications for the treatment of thyroid nodules and metastatic cervical lymph nodes are still under debate both in China and abroad. In 2015, the “Zhejiang Expert consensus on thermal ablation for thyroid benign nodules, microcarcinoma, and metastatic cervical lymph nodes (2015 edition),” was released by the Thyroid Cancer Committee of Zhejiang Anti-Cancer Association, China. To further standardize the application of thermal ablation for thyroid tumors, the Thyroid Tumor Ablation Experts Group of Chinese Medical Doctor Association has organized many seminars and finally produced a consensus to formulate the “Expert consensus workshop report: Guidelines for thermal ablation of thyroid tumors (2019 edition).”
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the protective performance of N95 filtering-facepiece respirators (FFRs) used widely in China and to investigate participants' subjective evaluation about them.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Four models (A1, A2, B1, B2) of N95 FFRs from two manufactures were chosen to measure the filter penetration and inhalation resistance. Inward leakage was measured by Condensation Nuclei Counting method (CNC) in 50 participants selected using the Chinese respirator fit test panel. Each participant was asked subjective feelings after wearing a respirator by questionnaire survey.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The filter penetration and inhalation resistance of four FFRs complied with national standard (GB 2626-2006). The geometric mean fit factors (GMFFs) for four models were 20.9, 14.6, 74.0, 49.1 and there passing rates were 4%, 4%, 42%, 10%. All of four models had bad seal performance, especially the passing rate of A1 and A2 were lower than 10%. The self-feelings about the resistance for FFRs had no significant difference (P > 0.05). The results indicated that B (B1 and B2) has a better fit than A (A1 and A2) according to participants' subject evaluation (P < 0.05). The folding style respirator (B2) was significant more comfortable than the cup style respirator (B1). The subjective feeling of respirators leakage by participant was poor consistent with objective inward leakage test. The kappa index was 0.067 (95%CI: -0.029∼0.163, P = 0.18) and the consistent rate was 50%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The poor seal performance was the biggest problem of N95 FFRs in Chinese market. Respirators should be resigned or improved rely on Chinese facial features. Dust workers should choice a fit respirator according to the result of objective leakage test rather than subjective feeling of leakage.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Inhalation Exposure , Materials Testing , Methods , Occupational Exposure , Respiratory Protective DevicesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the fit of self-inhalation air-purifying dust respirator for Chinese workers, to improve the respirators according to Chinese facial features and to evaluate the protective effects of improved respirators.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Two types of self-inhalation air-purifying dust respirators (cup respirators A1 and folding respirators B1) were tested by Condensation Nuclei Counting method (CNC) in 25 representative subjects (15 males and 10 females). According to the Chinese facial features and fit factors, A1 and B1 respirators were improved. The fit tests were performed for the improved A1 and B1 respirators.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The fit factors ≥ 100 served as the qualified standard of self-inhalation air-purifying dust respirators. The qualified rate for cup respirator A1 was 0.0%. Its geometric mean fit factor was 20.7 (6.9 ∼ 46.9). The qualified rate for cup respirator B1 was 4.0%. Its geometric mean fit factor was 26.0 (6.8 ∼ 154.9). After improvement, the qualified rates and fit factors significantly increased. The qualified rate for cup respirator A2 was 72.0% and geometric mean fit factor was 223.5 (2.2 ∼ 5932.7). There were significantly differences between respirator A1 and A2 (χ(2) = 25.09, P < 0.05). The qualified rate for cup respirator B2 was 88.0 % and geometric mean fit factor was 429.8 (41.5 ∼ 3692.9). The significant differences (χ(2) = 32.21, P < 0.05) between B1 and B2 were found.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>To ensure the protective effects, the self-inhalation air-purifying dust respirators were designed according to Chinese facial features. The respirator fit test must be conducted when workers choose respirators.</p>