ABSTRACT
Epidemiology is a discipline integrating methodology and applied science, whose mission is to prevent and control diseases and promote health. This review introduces the new progress of epidemiology from five aspects: communicable diseases, chronic diseases, systems epidemiology, implementation research and big data of health care. New projects and constantly emerging technologies in the field of infectious diseases are inspiring, while more attention should be paid to the environmental factors of pathogen variation. In the field of chronic diseases, there is an urgent need to study the multimorbidity of the elderly. The role of infectious inducers and human microbiota in the occurrence and development of chronic diseases has been gradually revealed. Systems epidemiology, which is of great significance to achieve precision prevention is a new branch and an important supplement of modern epidemiology. Implementation research, is a bridge connecting basic scientific research and public health practice and will provide evidence to support the effective implementation of the Health China Action Plan. The development of health care big data is based on digital public health, which provides a broad research platform and abundant data resources for epidemiology, and will promote the fundamental transformation of the service and management mode of public health.
ABSTRACT
The aim of study was to investigate the distribution of the integrons in Escherichia coli [E. coli] isolates, and analyze the possible relationship between the antimicrobial resistance profiles and the integrons. The antimicrobial profiles of 376 E. coli strains were analysed by disk diffusion test. The integron genes and variable regions were detected by PCR. Some amplicons were sequenced to determine the gene cassettes style. Of 376 isolates, 223 isolates [59.3%] were confirmed as ESBL-EC. Comparison to ESBL-negative E. coli, the high rates of resistance to the third and fourth generation of cephalosporins, penicillins and amikacin were found in ESBL-EC. Only class 1 was integron detected in the isolates, and the prevalence of it was 66.5%. It was commonly found in ESBL-EC [77.6%, 173/223], which was higher than that of ESBLnegative E. coli [50.3%, 77/153] [p < 0.001]. Six different genes cassettes were detected in this study and were classified into three groups: dfr17-aadA5, dfrA12-aadA2 and aacA4-CmlA1. Additionally, more than one gene array harboured in 13.9% isolates of ESBL-EC, while in 9.1% isolates of ESBL-negative E.coli. The high incidence of ESBL-EC with resistance to multiple antibiotics were detected in the isolates from Blood stream infection [BSI]. More resistant gene cassettes in ESBL-EC may partially underlie the high resistance to amikacin, while no relation exists between the high incidence of ESBL-EC and classes 1[tilde] 3 integrons in this region
ABSTRACT
This paper introduces the current application of various kinds of implantable neuro-stimulator at home and abroad, and also analyzes its development trend.