ABSTRACT
Sleep deprivation (SD) has a profound impact on the central nervous system, resulting in an array of mood disorders, including depression and anxiety. Despite this, the dynamic alterations in neuronal activity during sleep deprivation have not been extensively investigated. While some researchers propose that sleep deprivation diminishes neuronal activity, thereby leading to depression. Others argue that short-term sleep deprivation enhances neuronal activity and dendritic spine density, potentially yielding antidepressant effects. In this study, a two-photon microscope was utilized to examine the calcium transients of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) neurons in awake SD mice in vivo at 24-hour intervals. It was observed that SD reduced the frequency and amplitude of Ca2+ transients while increasing the proportions of inactive neurons. Following the cessation of sleep deprivation, neuronal calcium transients demonstrated a gradual recovery. Moreover, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings revealed a significant decrease in the frequency of spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic current (sEPSC) after SD. The investigation also assessed several oxidative stress parameters, finding that sleep deprivation substantially elevated the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), while simultaneously decreasing the expression of Nuclear Factor erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (Nrf2) and activities of Superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the ACC. Importantly, the administration of gallic acid (GA) notably mitigated the decline of calcium transients in ACC neurons. GA was also shown to alleviate oxidative stress in the brain and improve cognitive impairment caused by sleep deprivation. These findings indicate that the calcium transients of ACC neurons experience a continuous decline during sleep deprivation, a process that is reversible. GA may serve as a potential candidate agent for the prevention and treatment of cognitive impairment induced by sleep deprivation.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To compare the clinical efficacy of autologous fat injection and conjunctival pedicled orbital septal fat grafting for infraorbital margin depression in young people.Methods:Fourty young patients with lower eyelid pouch and infraorbital margin depression with age of 20 to 40 years and average age of 30.6 yaers in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University from September 2017 to September 2019 were enrolled. According to the surgical method, all patients were divided into 2 groups with 20 cases each. Group 1 underwent transconjunctival orbital septum fat reset. Group 2 underwent various autologous fat injection after proper amount of orbital septal fat being removed, including structural fat, fine-particle fat and nano-fat, performed in different parts and layers. The tear trough rating scale (TTRS) scores and patients＇ satisfaction at 1 year after operation between 2 groups were compared.Results:Compared with the preoperative TTRS scores, the differences in scores at 6 months and 1 year after surgery were statistically significant ( P<0.01). The scores between two groups were compared at 6 months and 1 year respectively after the operation, and the difference were both statistically significant ( P<0.01). 6 months after the operation, the TTRS scores including four items were carefully compared between the two groups. It showed that the reduction of tear groove depth ( P<0.05), pigmentation ( P<0.01) and wrinkle ( P<0.01) in group 2 were more obvious than those in group 1. The percentage of satisfaction in group 2 (95%) was higher than that in the group 1 (70%), and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.01). Conclusions:For infraorbital margin depression of young people, after proper amount of orbital septal fat being removed, various free fats graft injection into different parts and layers could obtain better treatment results, reducing not only the depth of the tear groove, but also periorbital pigmentation and fine wrinkles.