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Objective To exam the exposure status to tobacco advertisement and promotion programs in Chinese middle school students.Methods Stratified multi-stage cluster sampling was used to select participated grade 7-9 middle school students in 31 provinces (n=155 117).A self-administrated questionnaire was used in which questions related to behavior on tobacco use,exposure to second-hand smoking (SHS),access to tobacco products and prices,tobacco control advocacy,exposure to tobacco advertisement,and promotion as well as attitude and knowledge towards tobacco,etc.Data was weighted and analyzed,using the complex survey module of SAS 9.3 software.Results In the past 30 days,48.5％ of the students had a chance to see advertisement or promotion programs on tobacco.Tobacco advertisement or promotion were most frequently seen on TV (21.3 ％) among students,followed by outdoor billboard (20.1％),at the stands for sale (17.5％),and Internet (15.6％).In addition,4.6％ of the students reported having kept the items related to brand logos of tobacco products; 2.0％ reported having been offered a free tobacco product by tobacco company representatives; 69.7％ reported having seen scenes related to smoking on TV/videos/movie screens.Twenty five point two percent of the student smokers reported buying individual sticks at last purchase.Among those students who had never been exposed to tobacco,the ones who had been exposed to tobacco advertisement and promotion programs reported that they were more likely to feel smoking attractive than those who had not.They also reported that if a cigarette was offered by friends,they might try to smoke within the next 12 months,feeling that smoking would make him/her comfortable,and finally to feel that they might enjoy smoking (P＜0.000 1).Conclusion Adolescents had been heavily exposed to tobacco advertisement and promotion programs in China.Students who had been exposed to tobacco advertisement or promotions were more likely to express positive attitude to tobacco use.It is urgent to make amendments to China's Advertising Law to completely prohibit tobacco advertisement,promotion and sponsorship programs,to keep the young people away from tobacco.
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Objective To identify the levels of exposure to second-hand smoking (SHS)among Chinese adults living in the urban areas and their knowledge on the risks of SHS,to support for the Smoke-free policy.Methods Data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) and the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation China Survey (ITC China Survey) was analyzed and SAS was used to calculate the rates and 95％ CI.Results In the two surveys,less than 40％ of the respondents reported that their workplaces had completely stopped smoking.Participants who reported that they had seen people smoking at various public places with different rates,also they could reflect the levels to SHS exposure.Restaurants were the venue with the heaviest overall exposure (83.4％-95.6％),followed by the workplace (53.3％-84.0％).Exposure was low in health facilities,schools and public transport venues.In the GATS survey,60.6％ smokers and 68.5％ non-smokers believed that SHS could cause lung cancer,but only one-third of the participants believed that SHS could cause heart diseases in adults.Participants in the ITC China survey reported a comparatively higher level of awareness on the harm of SHS,but only 58.2％ smokers believed that SHS could cause heart diseases in adults.Overall,data from the ITC China survey showed that participants' support for a comprehensive smoke-free policy in schools,health-related facilities,government buildings and in taxi were high (over 70％).However,the proportion of participants supporting comprehensive smoking-free policy at workplaces (50.9％-60.9％) was relatively low.Conclusion The proportion of indoor workplaces with complete smoking ban was low in urban areas but levels to SHS exposure were high.People's awareness of harms related to SHS and their attitude on setting up a comprehensive smoke-free workplace need to be improved.
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A child case of acute myocardial ischemia induced by symptomatic myocardial bridge (SMB)was reported and relevant literatures were reviewed in this article.The case and literatures indicate that myocardial bridge is a rare congenital coronary artery anomaly in children.The pathogenesis may be related to stenosis,spasm,arteriosclerosis of coronary artery because of myocardial bridge compression during systole.Clinical manifestations include chest pain,malignant arrhythmia,syncope,cardiac arrest and myocardial infarction.The diagnosis of myocardial bridge is based on cardiac imaging.SMB patients should be first treated with β-adrenergic; if ineffective,surgical treatment or implantable automated cardiac defibrillator shonld be chosen.The patients complicated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have worse conditions with high mortality.
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Objective: To establish the fingerprint of Danshen Glucose Injection by HPLC. Methods: Separation was performed on an Alltima C18(4.6mm?250mm,5?m) analytical column, with mobile phase consisting of 1 %acetic-water and 1 %acetic acid-methanol and with gradient elute at the flow rate of 1mL/min-1. The UV detection was set at 281nm. Results: Six peaks of Danshen Glucose Injection wre indicated, and the chief ingredients were determined by HPLC. Conclusion: This method is accurate and with good reproducibility and can be used for the quality control of Danshen Glucose Injection.
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Object To investigate the chromatographic fingerprints of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae (RSM), its intermediate and INJECTION by HPLC-UV-MS. Methods Separation was performed on an Alltima C 18 analytical column with the mobile phase consisting of methanol-water-acetic acid as gradient eluent at the flow rate of 1 mL/min. The UV detection was set at 281 nm and TIC was recorded by an electrospray ionization mass spectrometer in negative ion mode. Results The HPLC-UV and HPLC-MS fingerprints of RSM, its intermediate and INJECTION were obtained with perfect isolation. Conclusion The fingerprints could be used for the control of RSM, its intermediate and INJECTION.
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AIM: To establish a method of simultaneously determining effective components in Ciwujia Naoling Oral Liquid by RP-HPLC. METHODS: Stationary phase: Alltech C_(18) column,the mobile phase was methanol(A)-0.4% HAC-water(B) with linear gradient elution.Detection was performed at wavelength of 344 nm,254 nm respectively for isofraxidin and schisandrin. RESULTS: The two effective components could be detected by this method,and their contents could be determined.A good linearity of isofraxidin and schisandrin was in the range of 0.88-17.6 ?g/mL,0.76-15.2 ?g/mL respectively.The average recoveries were 100.64%,100.33% respectively,RSD were 1.07%,0.65% respectively. CONCLUSION: The method is simple,feasible and reproducible and can be used for the quality control of Ciwujia Naoling Oral Liquid.
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AIM:To establish the method of fingerprint analysis of Marsdenia tenacissima by HPLC-UV. METHODS: Analysis was performed on an Alltech C_(18)(4.6 mm?250 mm,5 ?m) column with the acetonitrile-(0.1%) acetic acid gradient.Fingerprint was finished in 55 min. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min.The monitoring wavelength was at 328 nm. The column temperature was 30 ℃. RESULTS: 15 peaks were separated on HPLC fingerprint in Marsdenia tenacissima analyzed for chlorogenic acid,caffeic acid and part of derivatives. CONCLUSION: The method is reliable,accurate and can be used as a quality control method for Marsdenia tenacissima.
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AIM: To establish a RP-HPLC method to determine the fingerprint of Shentong granules. METHODS: Chromatographic conditions consisted of Alltech ODS column and the mobile phase composed of a mixture of acetonitrile-water(gradient elution),detection wavelength at 270 nm.The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min. RESULTS: A HPLC fingerprint determination with a good reproducibility was established,which could separate main principles of Shentong granules. CONCLUSION: The method can provide more information for the quality control of Shentong granules.
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AIM: To establish the fingerprint analysis method of Jiketing Granules(Fructus Forsythiae,Radix Scutellariae,Radix Bupleuri,etc) by HPLC-UV.METHODS: Aanalysis was performed on an alltima C_(18)(4.6 mm?250 mm,5 ?m) column with a acetonitrile-0.1% acetic acid gradient.Detection time was 55 min.The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min.The montoring wavelength was changed.The colunm temperature was at 30℃. RESULTS: 21 peaks were separated on HPLC fingerprint in Jiketing Granules. CONCLUSION: The method is reliable,accurate and can be used as a quality control for Jiketing Granules.
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AIM:To establish HPLC fingerprint for controlling the quality of Rubus chingii Hu. METHODS: Analysis was performed on Alltech C_(18) column(250 mm?4.6 mm,5 ?m)with a mixture of acetonitrile and water as mobile phase in gradient mode,flow rate was 1.0 mL/min,wavelength at 211 nm. RESULTS: There were 15 common peaks in the HPLC fingerprints of Rubus chingii Hu.The RSD of precision and reproducibility lay within 5%. CONCLUSION: The method has good sensitivity and repeatability.This chromatographic fingerprint method can be used to controll the quality of Rubus chingii Hu.
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Objective: To optimize the formulation of Oral Kuifuping Films(Cortex Phellodendri, Radix Gentianae, Indigo Naturalis, etc.)and develop a determination of berberine hydrochloride in the films. Methods: With the exterior quality and melting time as indexes, orthogonal design was used to select the formulation of the films. Berberine hydrochloride in the films was determined by a reversed phase HPLC method. Results: The optimun formulation was composed of 40mL of Chinese herbal extract, PVA 0588 ∶PVA 1788 (4∶1.5),8% glycerine and 0.25g of CMC Na. The recovery of berberine hydrochloride in the reversed phase HPLC was 97.7%. Conclusion: The exterior and melting time of the films are meet the requirements of qulaity standard. The content of berberine hydrochloride in Kuifuping Films can be controlled by the reversed phase HPLC method.
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Objective: To establish the GC fingerprinting of Lignum dalbergia odoriferae. Methods: The measurement conditions applied are as follows: DB 5 (0.32mm?30m 0.25?m) column; detector: FID; internal standard: tetradecyl alchohol. Results: Fingerprint of Lignum dalbergia odoriferae consisted of 7 peaks. The area of peaks exceeded 90% of total one. RSD of precision and reproducibility is in the range of 5%. Conclusion: The method can be used for quality control of Lignum dalbergia odoriferae.