A population-based case-control study on the risk factors of urinary calculi / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the risk factors of urinary calculi in Shenzhen for proper interventions.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A population-based case-control study including 334 urinary calculi cases and 721 controls was carried out. A total number of 34 factors were analyzed using unconditional logistic regression.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Seventeen factors were associated with urolithiasis based on the logistic regression analysis. Ten factors entered the last model of the logistic multivariate regression. The more protein consumption (OR = 2.14, 95% CI: 1.71 - 2.69), positive history of first relatives with urolithiasis (OR = 2.61, 95% CI: 1.70 - 4.01), longer outdoor exposure (OR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.16 - 1.66) and chronic inflammation of urinary system (OR = 4.09, 95% CI: 1.38 - 12.14) were risk factors of urinary calculi. Higher education background (OR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.29 - 0.73), drinking more water (OR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.48 - 0.72), drinking more juice (OR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.18 - 0.94), more milk and milk product consumption (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.68 - 0.99), vegetable (OR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.55 - 0.91) and fruit consumption (OR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.64 - 0.94) were protective factors of urolithiasis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Dietary habits were the major influencing factors of urinary calculi. Positive history of family with urolithiasis and social-economic factors were also associated with the disease.</p>

Study on the incidence and risk factors for in-hospital stroke in patients with acute myocardial infarction / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the incidence and risk factors for in-hospital stroke in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Two thousand one hundred and thirty-three patients with acute myocardial infarction were studied retrospectively. History, demographic, clinical, thrombolytic and anticoagulant data of AMI were obtained through review of the medical record. The relative risk of in-hospital stroke in patients with AMI was estimated using multiple nonconditional logistic regression to adjust for potential confounding factors.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among 2,133 consecutive patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction to hospitals in Shandong and Hubei provinces, 98 (4.59%) experienced strokes during hospitalization. In our analysis, anterior infarction was the most important risk factor for in-hospital stroke (ischemic and hemorrhagic) in patients with AMI (RR = 7.04), followed by history of hypertension (RR = 3.41), previous stroke (RR = 1.69), atrial fibrillation (RR = 2.22), advanced age (RR = 1.04), and higher heart rate at enrollment (RR = 1.03).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The incidence of in-hospital stroke in patients with AMI increased with lower rate of using thrombolytic agents. Thrombolytic therapy was noticed as a protective factor for stroke after AMI. The risk factors for in-hospital stroke with AMI were history of hypertension, previous stroke, atrial fibrillation, advanced age, anterior infarction, and higher heart rate at enrollment.</p>

A case-control study on urinary calculi and dietary factors / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the role of dietary and nutritional factors in the etiology of urolithiasis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Two hundred and fourty-one pairs of urolithiasis patients and controls were selected, and matched on age and sex, and without having urinary, endocrine, metabolic, or other related diseases. Subjects were given with a standardized semi-quantitative questionnaire to inquire their demographic features and diet information. Data were analyzed according to their respective property. Conditional logistic regression were used to compute odds ratio and 95% confidence interval.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The following variables were found to have significant in single factor logistic regression analysis: do not fond of drinking water [OR(no:yes) = 1.914 (95% CI: 1.272 - 2.881)]; drinking less purified water [OR(once:more) = 0.771 (95% CI: 0.614 - 0.967)]; drinking less liquid [OR(one cup more) = 0.273 (95% CI: 0.076 - 0.978)]; eating salted food [OR(highest:common) = 3.382 (95% CI: 2.133 - 5.362), OR(higher:common) = 1.435 (95% CI: 1.252 - 1.645)]; fond of sweet food [OR(most:no) = 4.509 (95% CI: 2.457 - 8.277), OR(more:no) = 1.562 (95% CI: 1.305 - 1.870)]; intake of animal oil [OR(yes:no) = 2.222 (95% CI: 1.012 - 4.880)]; over intake of protein, fat and phosphorus; less intake of carbohydrate, dietary fibre and vitamin C.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Results indicated that dietary and nutritional factors were important risk factors to the etiology of urinary calculi.</p>