ABSTRACT
Karnal bunt of wheat is an important quarantine disease that interrupts India’s wheat trade in the international market. The whole transcriptome of germinating and dormant teliospores of Tilletia indica was performed using the RNA Seq approach to identify germination-related genes. Approximately 63 million reads were generated using the RNA sequencing by the Illumina NextSeq500 platform. The high-quality reads were deposited in NCBI SRA database (accession: PRJNA522347). The unigenes from the pooled teliospores were 16,575 having unigenes length of 28,998,753 bases. The high-quality reads of germinating teliospores mapped on to 21,505 predicted CDSs. 9,680 CDSs were common between dormant and germinating teliospores of T. indica. 11,825 CDSs were found to be in germinating teliospores while only 91 were unique in dormant spores of pathogen. The pathway analysis showed the highest number of pathways was found in germinating spores than dormant spores. The highest numbers of CDSs were found to be associated with translation (431 in number), transport and catabolism (340), signal transduction (326), and carbohydrate metabolism (283). The differential expression analysis (DESeq) of germinating and dormant teliospores showed that 686 CDS were up-regulated and 114 CDS were down-regulated in the germinating teliospores. Significant germination-related genes in the spores were validated using qPCR analysis. Ten genes viz. Ti3931, Ti6828, Ti7098, Ti7462, Ti7522, Ti 9289, Ti 8670, Ti 7959, Ti 7809,and Ti10095 were highly up-regulated in germinated teliospores which may have role in germination of spores.Further, these differentially expressed genes provide insights into the molecular events. This first study of transcriptome will be helpful to devise better management strategies to manage Karnal bunt disease.
ABSTRACT
Agadatantra had a golden time period in Kerala, and was known in the name of Visha chikitsa. There were excellent Visha vaidhyas who used to treat extreme venomous conditions and even predict the condition of patient just through the Dootha lakshana. As a part of these practices, there were numerous textbooks on Visha chikitsa with unique and exclusive Yogas. Some of the books got maintained, and many got ruined. Among those only few practices are still in use in the management if Visha and still many are untouched. Prayoga samucchaya is a well-known traditional Keraleeya Visha chikitsa textbook written by renowned King Kochunni thamburan, which explains the concepts of Visha and its detail management. Lootha visha is a most frequent and important clinical condition that which a physician encounters in their daily practice. It has got importance in all the time, as its manifestation is in such a way that improper handling of the case may worsen the presentation. There many Agada yogas mentioned in the management of Lootha visha. Lasunadi Agada is a simple yoga explained in Prayoga samucchaya, which contains only 6 drugs, explained in the context of Lootha samanya chikitsa as Pana and Nasya. Presently this yoga is practicing in the name of Lasunadi gulika. So this paper is an attempt to review on the formulation Lasunadi Agada.