ABSTRACT
Background: An osteophyte is a bony outgrowth, covered with fibrocartilage,that is one of the hallmarks of osteoarthritisespecially in the knee joint. Risk factors for development of osteophytes include age, physical activity, body mass index, and othergenetic and environmental factors. Aim: To analyze the frequency and morphological features of osteophytes at the upper end ofdry tibia bones and to define any relationship between the size of osteophytes and that of the intercondylar tibial spines.Methods: We evaluated 75 dry tibia bones for the degree of osteoarthritis at the upper end. Each plateau at the superior surface ofthe upper end was divided into four quadrants and the presence and size of bone outgrowths were recorded in each quadrant. The“medial/lateral tibial intercondylar spine index” for each specimen was calculated and relation with the osteophytes was observed.The measurements were meticulously recorded and the data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: In the present study,osteophytes were found more frequently in the anterior quadrants of both the tibial plateaus than in the posterior quadrants. Grade1 osteophytes were the most common type of osteophytes with predominance in anterior quadrants of both medial and lateraltibial plateaus. There was positive correlation between grades of osteophytes and spine index. Conclusion: This study would helpclinicians to understand the morphological changes in the upper end of tibia in osteoarthritis which would help them in planningthe management.
ABSTRACT
Background: The human orbit is a complex anatomic region, which plays predominant role in the evaluation of craniofacial complex. The bony orbit which lodges the visual apparatus is important not only for anatomists but also for ophthalmologists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons and forensic experts. The objectives of the present study are to provide the normal reference orbital parameters for the South Indian population. Materials and Methods: The study was done on 200 skulls (105 males and 95 females). The orbital height (Ht) and breadth (Br) were measured by using manual vernier caliper. Orbital index was calculated by using the formula Ht /Br x 100. All the data obtained were tabulated and analysed statistically by computing descriptive statistics like mean, standard deviation and range. Mann-Whitney test was done to find out the statistical significance of all parameters of orbits, with respect to gender and side (right and left side). Results: The results showed that the height and breadth were significantly larger in males than in females. There were no significant differences in height and breadth between the right and left side orbits. There was no significant difference in OI between the genders and also sides. According to the OI, the studied group of Indian population comes under Mesoseme category. Conclusion: This study provides useful baseline orbital morphometric data of south Indian population, which are very important during plastic surgery, maxillofacial and neurosurgeries and also in the forensic research.
ABSTRACT
The intermediate Benzimidazo[1,2-c] quinazolin-6[5H]-thione [1] was obtained by cyclization of 2-[2'- aminophenyl] benzimidazole with carbon disulfide. Mannich base [2a-d] of compound [1] was obtained on treatment with Para formaldehyde and secondary aliphatic amines, similarly treatment of [1] with different ketones afforded respective mannich bases [3 e-h]. All derivatives synthesized were characterized from IR and 1HNMR spectral data's. Moderate anti bacterial activity was exhibited from 2a-d and from 3f, 3h against S. aureus, E. coli, and E. fecalis but very negligent activity were seen from these compounds when screened against P aeruginosa