Review of suicidal ideation during pregnancy: risk factors, prevalence, assessment instruments and consequences

Abstract Background: Pregnancy is a period when women are particularly vulnerable to suicidal ideation and a great opportunity for suicide risk prevention. Aims: This study aimed to establish a comprehensive understanding of suicidal ideation prevalence, risk factors, screening tools, consequences and management during pregnancy. Method: A literature search was performed in MEDLINE and PsycInfo databases from 2016 to 2021. A narrative synthesis of the literature and a critical overview of the current issues/questions to be addressed within the topic of suicidal ideation during pregnancy was performed. Results: The prevalence of suicidal ideation during pregnancy was between 2.73 and 18% internationally. The risk factors identified were major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, difficulties with sleep, previous suicide attempts, high rumination, low incomes, being black, being young, low educational level, partner violence, having poor support, food insecurity, history of child abuse, high obstetric risk, multiparity, previous induced abortion and exposure to tobacco or human immunodeficiency virus diagnosis. The screening tools used for suicidal ideation during pregnancy were item 10 of the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale and item 9 of the Patient Health Questionnaire. Results showed that suicidal ideation during pregnancy is associated with poor cognitive development in children and low birth weight. No case management studies on suicidal ideation were found. Limitations: The main limitation of the available studies was the lack of articles with a high degree of methodological rigour on this subject. Conclusions: This narrative review is a state-of-the-art paper about suicidal ideation during pregnancy. Further research is needed, and researchers should carry out systematic reviews and meta-analyses, leading to Clinical Practice Guidelines in this area. This effort would improve our evidence-based practice in Perinatal Psychology and prevent associated suicidal behaviour.

Efecto del cadmio sobre la mortalidad de adultos de Polydora sp. (Polychaeta: Spionidae) en el laboratorio

Introducción: Diversos estudios han demostrado el efecto del Cd sobre la mortalidad y otras respuestas fisiológicas de diversas especies de poliquetos. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto tóxico del Cd en la mortalidad de adultos de Polydora sp. como especie prueba para estudios ecotoxicológicos. Métodos: Los especímenes fueron recolectados en el humedal costero Poza de la Arenilla, Callao, Peru. Los organismos fueron aclimatados durante dos semanas con agua de mar y sedimento y posteriormente, tres días en agua de mar, con 30 ‰ de salinidad y temperatura entre 20 a 22 °C. Los organismos se expusieron a las concentraciones nominales 75, 11.25, 1.69, 0.25; 0.04 mg/L de Cd y un control. Se analizaron tres réplicas de diez individuos por tratamiento durante 72 horas para registrar mortalidad. Se aplicaron las pruebas de Kruskal-Wallis y de U-Man Whitney para detectar las diferencias significativas entre tratamientos. Resultados: El efecto adverso del Cd sobre la mortalidad fue mucho más evidente en los tratamientos de 11.25 y 75 mg/L a partir de las primeras 24 horas de exposición. La concentración letal media de Cd a 72h fue de 2.59 mg/L. Conclusiones: La CL50 está en el mismo orden de magnitud de otras especies de poliquetos. Este es el primer estudio ecotoxicológico en Perú con poliquetos en condiciones de laboratorio. Se sugiere la utilización de Polydora sp. como especie prueba en experimentos de ecotoxicología, utilizando concentraciones nominales subletales de Cd que no superen los 1.6 mg/L para la observación de varias respuestas fisiológicas.

Introduction: Several studies have demonstrated the effect of Cd on mortality and other physiological responses of some polychaete species. Objective: To evaluate the toxic effect of Cd on adults mortality of Polydora sp as a test species for ecotoxicological studies. Methods: The specimens were collected in the coastal wetland of Poza de la Arenilla, Callao, Peru. The organisms were acclimatized for two weeks with seawater and sediment and then, three days in seawater, with 30 ‰ of salinity and temperature between 20 to 22 °C. The organisms were exposed to the nominal concentrations 75, 11.25, 1.69, 0.25; 0.04 mg/L of Cd and a control. Three replicates of ten individuals per treatment were analyzed for 72 hours to register mortality. The Kruskal-Wallis and U-Man Whitney tests were applied to detect significant differences among treatments. Results: The adverse effect of Cd on mortality was much more evident in the treatments of 11.25 and 75 mg/L after the first 24 hours of exposure. The mean lethal concentration of Cd at 72h was 2.59 mg/L. Conclusions: The LC50 is in the same order of magnitude as other polychaete species. This is the first ecotoxicological study in Peru using polychaetes under laboratory conditions. It is suggested the use of Polydora sp as a test species in ecotoxicology experiments, using nominal sublethal concentrations of Cd not exceeding 1.6 mg/L. for the observation of several physiological responses.

Efecto de la temperatura y salinidad en la mortalidad de adultos de Capitella sp. (Polychaeta: Capitellidae) en el laboratorio

Introducción: El poliqueto marino y estuarino Capitella capitata es una especie endobentónica y considerado cosmopolita. El cultivo en el laboratorio de este complejo de especies permite su utilización como especie para pruebas en bioensayos de toxicidad, así como para estudios de reproducción. Objetivo: El presente trabajo pretende observar la mortalidad en dos rangos de temperatura y salinidad como condiciones óptimas para cultivar Capitella sp. en el laboratorio. Metodología: La recolección de especímenes se realizó en la provincia de Callao, Perú en noviembre de 2016 y enero de 2017. Se realizó un bioensayo para observar la mortalidad bajo diferentes intervalos de temperatura y salinidad: tratamiento 1 con los organismos recolectados en enero y con intervalos de temperatura (20-22° C) y salinidad (30-32 ups) similares a los registrados en el campo; tratamiento 2, con los organismos recolectados en noviembre y con intervalos de temperatura (24-26 °C) y salinidad (32 a 34 ups) seleccionados de acuerdo con datos de la bibliografía. Resultados: El aumento de la temperatura y el tiempo influyeron significativamente en la mortalidad de los organismos de ambos tratamientos (Correlación de Spearman), mientras que la salinidad y el oxígeno no presentaron correlación significativa con la mortalidad. Se observó efecto significativo del tiempo en la mortalidad, con más muertes a partir de la segunda mitad del experimento. Los organismos del tratamiento 1, con condiciones ambientales similares a las de su hábitat sobrevivieron más que los del tratamiento 2. Estos resultados también se observaron en la variabilidad porcentual en el coeficiente de variación entre los días por tratamiento. No se observaron diferencias entre los tratamientos al comparar las curvas acumuladas de mortalidad. Conclusión: Los intervalos óptimos para el cultivo en el laboratorio de Capitella sp. son los de su hábitat. Las posibles causas de la mortalidad observada se atribuyen, además de la temperatura y el tiempo, a la edad, estado de salud o de madurez de los organismos y, probablemente, la mala calidad del agua utilizada en el bioensayo.

Introduction: The marine-estuarine polychaete Capitella capitata is an endobenthic species which is considered as a cosmopolitan organism. The laboratory culture of this species-complex allows its use as a test species in toxicity bioassays and reproduction studies. Objective: It is pretended to observe mortality under two temperature and salinity ranges as optimal conditions to culture Capitella sp. in the laboratory. Metodology: Polychaetes were collected in Callao Province, Peru, during November 2016 and January 2017. A bioassay was carried out to observe mortality under different temperature and salinity ranges using two treatments: treatment 1, with polychaetes collected during January 2017, which were subjected to conditions similar to the collection site (temperature: 20-22° C, salinity: 30-32 psu); treatment 2, with the organisms collected during November 2016, with temperature (24-26 °C) and salinity (32 a 34 ups) selected according to bibliographic data. Results: The increase of temperature and time significantly influenced polychaete mortality of the two treatments (Spearman correlation), while salinity and dissolved oxygen did not show correlation with mortality. Significant effect of time was observed on mortality, with more deaths from the second half of the experiment. Organisms from treatment 1, with environmental conditions similar to those of their habitat survived more than worms from treatment 2. These results were also observed in the porcentual varibility of the variation coefficient among days in each treatment. The cumulative mortality curve did not show differences between treatments. Conclusion: The optimal ranges to culture Capitella sp. in the laboratory are those from their habitat. In addition to temperature and time, other posible causes of the observed mortality can be worms age, health or maturity, and probably the bad quality of the water used during the bioassay.

Deep-water polychaetes (Annelida) from the southeastern Gulf of California, Mexico

Polychaetes inhabiting deep-sea soft bottoms from the southeastern Gulf of California were collected during four oceanographic cruises during 2000 and 2001. Sampling of benthic organisms was performed with a benthic sledge to collect epifauna and a Karling dredge for epifauna and infauna, in a depth range from 732 to 2 250 m. A list of the polychaetes that were collected and their distribution are presented here. A total of 73 species (distributed among 33 families) were identified. Moreover, 11 species were identified only to genus level and 20 species only to family level. With the exception of Ancistrosyllis hartmanae and Melinnampharete eoa, all identified species have been previously reported in soft bottoms of the Gulf of California or in adjacent areas. Additional previously unreported information is provided herein regarding depth ranges, geographical distribution, morphology and tubes inhabited by the organisms. The morphology of the ampharetids Amage sp. and Samytha sp. does not coincide with that of other species in these genera reported for the Gulf of California, which suggests that they are probably undescribed species.

Se recolectaron anélidos poliquetos de fondos profundos del SE del golfo de California durante cuatro campañas oceanográficas entre 2000 y 2001. El muestreo de organismos bentónicos se llevó a cabo mediante una draga de arrastre bentónica para recolectar epifauna y una draga tipo Karling para epifauna y endofauna, en un intervalo de profundidad de 732 a 2 250 m. Se presenta un listado de poliquetos con su distribución dentro del área de estudio. En total se identificaron 73 especies (distribuidas en 33 familias). Además, 11 especies fueron identificadas a nivel genérico y 20 a nivel de familia. Con excepción de Ancistrosyllis hartmanae y Melinnampharete eoa, todas las especies habían sido registradas en fondos blandos del golfo de California o zonas adyacentes. Se proporciona nueva información sobre los intervalos de profundidad, la distribución geográfica, la morfología y la descripción de tubos donde los organismos fueron encontrados. Las características morfológicas de Amage sp. y Samytha sp. no coinciden con las especies de estos géneros registradas en el golfo de California, lo que sugiere que podría tratarse de especies no descritas.