ABSTRACT
Objective: To assess the differences in relative risk of developing diabetes and CHD, obesity, fasting blood glucose, insulin and lipids of children having family history of diabetes or heart disease in first or second degree relatives as compared to control group
Design: Children were given a questionnaire to collect demographic data and to assess their dietary habits and family history. Anthropometric measurements and blood samples for fasting blood glucose, insulin and lipids of 8-10 years old children from 4 schools was taken
Setting: The samples of ninety-nine children were obtained to assess fasting blood glucose, insulin and lipids of children
Subjects: Children having positive family history of diabetes [n=44] or heart disease [n=16] in first or second degree relatives were compared with a control group [n=39]
Results: Children having positive family history for diabetes had slightly higher mean values for BMI, waist circumference, arm fat% as compared to the controls but the differences were not statistically significant. Overweight children [>85[th] Percentile of BMI for age] did not differ significantly in terms of various risk indicators however those who were in the uppermost tertile of arm fat% had significantly higher total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, LDL-C, LDL:HDL and Insulin levels [P<0.05 in each case]
Conclusion: Diabetes and CVD risks from positive family history for the disease are probably mediated through increased body fat percentage. Thus even when information about family history of disease is lacking, arm-fat-percentage could be used as an important screening tool for determining the risk status of children
ABSTRACT
Objective: To establish the serotypes of Vibrio cholerae [VC] endemic in our set up and to determine the sensitivity pattern of the organism
Methods: The study was carried out on 123 isolates of Vibrio cholerae isolated from stool samples of patients of diarrhea. Samples were collected in plain containers/alkaline peptone water. Inoculation was done on TCBS agar, McConkey's agar and Salmonella Shigella agar. Identification of the organisms was based on, sucrose fermentation on TCBS agar a positive oxidase test and biochemical profile by API 20 E galleries. Serological confirmation was done by standard antisera. Biotypes were confirmed by Voges-Proskauer [vp] reaction, Polymixin B [50 i.u] sensitivity and sheep red cell haemolysis. Antibiotic sensitivity was carried out against Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Trimethoprim/Sulphamethoxazole, Erythromicin, Nalidixic acid, Ofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique
Results: A total of 123 isolates recovered during the period 1997-2002 were studied. All strains belonged to sero type O1. Till 1998 all strains were of biotype EL Tor. Classical biotype appeared in 1999 and remained the dominant variety during 2000-2001. Year wise comparison of the antimicrobial sensitivity pattern shows that resistance to Nalidixic acid emerged in 1999 and is uniformly continuing whereas resistance to Ampicillin and Tetracycline has fallen to very low levels. No isolate was resistant to the fluoroquinolones
Conclusion: 1. Vibrio cholerae O1 is endemic in Rawalpindi. 2. EL Tor was the biotype causing epidemics predominantly in our set up till 1998. Now the Classical variety has emerged and both types are probably co-existing. 3. All the isolates in our study were completely resistant to Nalidixic acid but sensitive to the fluoroquinolones and Erythromycin. Ampicillin and Tetracycline which were earlier resistant have reverted to sensitive