ABSTRACT
Global Solar Radiation [H], extraterrestrial [H[o]], diffuse [H[d]] and beam radiation values [H[b]] for Rohri, Sindh [Latitude 27.67[degree]N and Longitude 68.9[degree]E] have been calculated on horizontal surfaces using sunshine hour data [n] of the areas, following a number of methods. The calculated global solar radiation is then compared with the global solar radiation presented by the NASA SSE [22-year] model. The mean bias error [MBE], root mean square error [RMSE], and mean percentage error [MPE] for global solar radiation are also considered. Diffuse radiation is calculated using methods proposed by Page and Liu and Jordan [L-J] and compared with the H[d] obtained from NASA. Diffuse Radiation from the Page method is found to be higher than in the L-J method. Moreover, the monthly clearness index [K[T]] is compared with the measured clearness index. The ratio K[T] signifies a clear sky almost all year round except for the months of June to August. This may be due to the monsoon season where the cloud cover is expected to be thicker compared to the rest of the year. From the estimated results, it appears that solar radiation can be utilized very efficiently throughout the year for photovoltaic and thermal applications.
ABSTRACT
Global and diffuse solar radiation studies have been carried out for upper Sindh [Jacobabad] to assess the applicability of solar energy utilization for these areas. The global and diffuse solar radiation was carried out using sunshine hour data. The result obtained shows the variation of direct and diffuse component of solar radiation in summer winter months. In Jacobabad areas the diffuse radiations is maximum during the month of July and August and minimum during the months of November, December and January. The cloudiness index K[T] values indicate the clear sky in the month of January to June and September to December for Jacobabad. From the studies it has been found that with the exception of monsoon months July and August solar energy can be utilized throughout the year for Jacobabad
Subject(s)
Sunlight , RadiationABSTRACT
In this present work, the wind characteristics and wind power potential for southern coasts [Hawks bay, Ketibander, Shah bander] of Sindh province, Pakistan, are presented. These were analyzed using hourly and mean monthly wind speed data at a height of 10, 30 and 50 m above the ground. Weibull distribution parameters have been studied to observe the season-wise wind speed pattern distribution for the locations. The analysis shows that seasonal and diurnal pattern of wind speed matches the electricity load pattern of the area. Higher wind speed of 4 to 6 m/sec and more were observed during months of April to September in a year and the peak hours of wind speed are from 5 P.M. to 3 A.M. [Pakistan time]. The wind duration availability is discussed on the basis of wind speed intervals. Two Nordex wind turbine of rated power 150KW and 250 KW [N-27, 29] having hub height 50m were selected for study. A seventeen acre wind farm has been suggested for these locations from which 200MW of electricity can be generated for utilization during summer months [April to September]
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out on 72 albino rats [36 experimental and 36 control] following UNX and so we know the rate and extent of compensatory renal hypertrophy [CRH] of the remaining kidney. The mean absolute change in mass due to hypertrophy in the experimental kidney KW [compensatory] following unilateral nephrectomy after 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days was 0.384 +/- 0.003, 0.674 +/- 0.005, 0.768 +/- 0.004, 0.926 +/- 0.006, 0.940 +/- 0.005 and 0.932 +/- 0.007 gm respectively. The mean relative change in mass due to hypertrophy in the experimental kidney,%KW[compensatory following unilateral nephrectomy after 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 days was 46.36 +/- 0.84, 77.66 +/- 1.16, 91.43 +/- 0.96, 105.71 +/- 0.77, 110.15 +/- 0.77 and 112.08 +/- 1.89 respectively. It was concluded that there was rapid compensatory increase in the renal mass of the experimental kidney within first 10 days, the mean relative compensatory increase in the renal mass of the experimental kidney was 46.36 +/- 0.84% than the control. From the 11th day to the 40th day there was a steady compensatory increase at a slower rate [59.35% in 30 days] until the mean relative compensatory increase in the renal mass of the experimental kidney had reached 105.71 +/- 0.77% of the control value