ABSTRACT
Background:Urinary incontinence is a frequent public health problem with negative social consequences, particularly for women. Women are much more susceptible to urinary incontinence than men. Female susceptibility is the result of anatomical, social, economic and cultural factors. Methods:A crosssectional study was conducted to find out the factors related to urinary incontinence, distribution of types of incontinence among female patients and their health care seeking behavior and socio-demographic characteristics among 121 adult female patients who attended the outpatient department of Gynae and Obstetrics department and Urology department of Dhaka Medical College and Hospital during the period of January to June 2016. Data werecollected through face to face interview.Results:The mean age of the respondents was 43.42 years and the mean monthly income of the respondents was 17409.09 taka. Little above nine-tenths (91.7%) of the respondents were Muslim and the majority of the respondents (47.9%) were living in pacca house. More than seven-tenths (73.6%) of the respondents were married and over 35% of the respondents were illiterate. Among the respondents about 42.1% of them had pressure type of incontinence, followed by mixed incontinence (27.3%). Over 65% had some complication during delivery and little above six-tenths (61.2%) had gynecological problems.Conclusions:Female urinary incontinence is a frequent and a major embarrassing healthcare problem in Bangladesh. Patients who had complications during labor, having multipara, recurrent UTI, gynecological problem such as uterine prolapse, urethral injury, had high percentage of urinary incontinence. Patients with urinary incontinence should be encouraged to seek treatment early as the problem can be treated.
ABSTRACT
In 160 clinically solitary sold thyroid nodules incidence of cancer was 17.5%. Papillary carcinoma, consituted 57.14% of the malignant cases, most of them were young females, 37.5% cases of papillary carcinoma had unilateral cervical lymph node metastasis. The incidence of other malignancies were follicular carcinoma [14.28%], medullary carcinoma [7.14%], undifferentiated carcinoma [14.28%], malignant lymphoma [7.14%] malignancy was found in 19.67% sold cold nodules, 12.5% mixed and 9.09% cystic nodules. 31.81% males reporting with cold thyroid nodules were found to have malignancy compared to 13.06% females. 42.85% of malignant cases were in the third decade of life and more than half were below 30 years but relative frequency was more in the elderly age group. 50% of the nodules found in cases over 50 years of age were malignant compared to 17.02% in the younger [below 30 years] and 11.11% in middle aged [30 to 50 years] groups. Cold thryoid nodules are important for their malignant potential and incidence of malignancy in cold thyroid nodule in our country is not insignificant, this fact should be kept in mind during management of these cases and special attention should be given to all the elderly patients, men of all ages and women of younger age group. FNAC may add substantially in the management of the cases and should be called for wherever the facility is available. In absence of the procedure, surgery is indicated for all the cold thyroid nodules. The ideal procedure would be a:lobectomy and excision of the isthmus i.e. a hemithyroidectomy rather than a nodulectomy. This will suffice for all the benign lesions as well as intrathyroidal papillary carcinoma especially in the younger age group. The excised specimen should be routinely sent for histopathological examination