Population pharmacokinetics of imatinib and its application to the therapeutic drug monitoring: Middle East CML population

Introduction: Despite the outstanding results generally obtained with Imatinib in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia, some patients show sub-optimal or no response. To evaluate the relationship between steady-state trough plasma concentration and clinical response in CML patients. The objectives of this study were to assess the variability in Imatinib pharmacokinetics and to explore the effects of several demographic and biological covariates on the disposition of Imatinib

Methods: A population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on 170 plasma samples from 74 adult Iranian chronic myeloid leukemia patients. A population pharmacokinetics model was developed to evaluate the influence of covariates on clearance and volume of distribution

Results: A one-compartment model with first-order absorption appropriately described the data, giving a mean [+/-SEM] clearance of 14.3l [+/-1.0] and a volume of distribution of 347 l [+/-62]. Clearance was influenced by body weight, age and gender. By considering these covariates the interindividual variability decreased from 47% to 19%. A large proportion of the interindividual variability [19% of clearance and 45% of volume of distribution] remained unexplained by these demographic covariates

Discussion and Conclusion: By considering morphological and biological covariates, a unique covariate model could be used to accurately describe Imatinib pharmacokinetics in our population and because of the pharmacokinetic variability of Imatinib and the reported relationships between its plasma concentration and efficacy and toxicity, the usefulness of therapeutic drug monitoring as an aid to optimizing therapy should be further investigated

Potential use of durian fruit (Durio zibenthinus Linn) as an adjunct to treat infertility in polycystic ovarian syndrome / 中西医结合学报

Infertility due to polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a worldwide problem that is increasing at alarming rates. Insulin resistance, the prime factor of PCOS, induces comorbid metabolic syndrome as well. Durian (Durio zibenthinus Linn), a fruit of Southeast Asia, is used as a natural supplement in healthy diets. This paper is a short literature review that examines the fruit's effects against various components of metabolic syndrome and its fertility-enhancing properties in PCOS. Various published literature was reviewed to learn of the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-obesity, anticholesterol, and antihypoglycaemic nature of the fruit. The literature search was done using PubMed, Google Scholar and library databases. The keywords used were polycystic ovarian syndrome, infertility, metabolic syndrome and Durian zibenthinus Linn. Reviewed studies showed that the fruit is effective against various components of metabolic syndrome, but the mechanisms of action against anovulation and menstrual disturbances in PCOS have yet to be studied. The traditional use of durian as a fertility-enhancing agent needs to be validated scientifically by isolating its various components and ascertaining its fertility enhancing properties.

Pregnancy-associated asymptomatic bacteriuria and drug resistance

In developing countries, bacteriuria is associated with significant maternal and foetal risks. Rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance warrants continuous monitoring of the susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates. In this study, we report our findings regarding the drug resistance patterns of bacteria isolates from pregnant women with urinary tract infections [UTI]. This study included 1358 pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology between July 2013 and August 2014. Urine specimens were processed for isolation and identification of bacterial species following standard microbiological methods. The disc diffusion test was used to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the recovered isolates at the Central Laboratory of Microbiology of Nepalgunj Medical College, Nepal. Three hundred and seventeen isolates were positive for significant bacteriuria. E. coli, K. pneumonia, P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis, S. aureus, P. mirabilis, CoNS, and P. vulgaris accounted for 61.5%, 17%, 7.5%, 5.3%, 2.8%, 2.5%, 1.8%, and 1.2% of bacterial isolates, respectively. Resistance to erythromycin [58.6%], co-trimoxazole [57.4%] and ciprofloxacin [50.1%] was observed. Among the 317 positive isolates, 203 [64%] were from women in the 21-30-year-old age group, and the rate of bacteriuria in this group was statistically significantly more than those for the other age groups [P < 0.05]. Bacteriuria is frequent among pregnant women, which generates a need for routine urine culture screening. In this study, E. coli was the most predominant bacterial species identified followed by K. pneumonia. Furthermore, women in the 21-30-year-old group were at a higher risk of UTI. Erythromycin, co-trimoxazole and ciprofloxacin should not be empirically used as first-line drugs in the treatment of UTIs. Continuous local monitoring of resistance patterns is necessary to determine the appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy

Arcuate line variations: are they important for TEP surgeons?

Objectives: Wide anatomic variations in Arcuate line have been recently reported by a few clinical investigators using modern technology of laparoscopy, but received little attention of laparoscopic hernia surgeons as well as anatomists, and hence the present study

Setting: J. N. Medical College Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

Design: Prospective study

Subjects: Twenty-five male patients with uncomplicated primary inguinal hernia [Unilateral 20 and Bilateral 5]

Intervention: Intra-operative measurement and documentation with video recording

Method of analysis: Data computation in terms of Mean +/- SD

Results: Thirty total extraperitoneal [TEP] hernioplasties were performed in 25 male patients with uncomplicated primary inguinal hernia [Unilateral 20 and Bilateral 5] with a mean age of 49.72 +/- 17.56 years [range 18 - 80]. Arcuate line was observed during 26 operations and found absent in four instances; well-defined in 24 and ill-defined in six; single in 28 and double in two instances. Mean distance from umbilicus to Arcuate line was 5.65 +/- SD 1.7 cm [Range 3.5 - 11.5]. In presence of Arcuate line variations [absence/multiple and too high/too low], significantly increased difficulties were experienced during surgery in terms of endoscopic vision, ease of procedure and operating time, along with a higher incidence of intraoperative peritoneal rent, surgical emphysema and postoperative seroma

Conclusions: Arcuate line variations were observed in 40% of cases, and they were associated with an increased level of surgical difficulties and a higher rate of peritoneal injuries. TEP surgeons are advised to keenly observe these variations, preferably under high definition endovision, for a smooth and safe surgery

[Histologic and histomorphometric changes of testis following oral exposure to methyl tertiary-butyl ether in adult rat]

Methyl tertiary-butyl ether [MTBE] is used to reduce carbon monoxide and ozone in urban air and to boost fuel octane. There is a lack of knowledge in the literature about the histomorphometric changes of the testis following exposure to MTBE. Therefore, this experimental study was performed to determine the effect of oral exposure to MTBE on histologic and histomorphometric changes of testis in adult rat. A total of 25 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five equal experimental groups: control, almond oil and three treatment groups which received 400, 800 and 1600 mg/kg/day MTBE in almond oil by gavages for 30 consecutive days. Histomorphometric analysis showed no significant difference in absolute and relative testis weight, connective tissue thickness, germinal epithelium height, tunica albuginea thickness and Sertoli cell numbers between experimental groups [P>0.05]. However, trend analysis showed that the seminiferous tubule diameter increased and interstitial cell numbers as well as spermatocyte and spermatid cell numbers decreased significantly in MTBE treated groups [P<0.05]. It may be concluded that MTBE could exert adverse effects on spermatogenic cells in adult rat. Whether the observed changes in the present study are due to the direct effect of MTBE via passing blood-testis barrier or its indirect effect through another mechanism should be elucidated in future studies.

Rectal wall dose estimation in intracavitary brachytherapy: a preliminary comparison of an in-house rectal wire versus ICRU 38 recommendations

In intracavitary brachytherapy for gynecological cancers, various techniques are used to locate the anterior rectal wall nearest to the sources but there is no consensus on the best method to do so. This study aimed to compare a technique used routinely in some centers that employs a wire marker to locate the position of the maximum rectal dose point, versus the method recommended by the ICRU Report 38. In a preliminary prospective study on 34 intracavitary insertions for patients with cervical or endometrial cancer, treated at our center based on the Manchester system, the dose distributions were obtained from a treatment planning system following the input of scanned orthogonal anteroposterior and lateral radiographs. For each case, an in-house marked wire was inserted in the rectal lumen and the doses were calculated on several points along the wire seen on the radiographs, to obtain the maximum dose. For the same insertions, the ICRU method was also applied by considering the rectal wall hot spot as a point 0.5 cm posterior to the posterior vaginal wall [visualized on the radiographs by vaginal packing material containing contrast medium]. Averaged over all insertions, mean rectal wall hot spot dose calculated using the positional information obtained by the wire technique was lower by 28.6% than that given by the ICRU method [P < 0.001]. Our initial results add evidence to the suggestion that the wire technique underestimates the rectal wall hot spot dose significantly compared to the ICRU method

Low tension breast hydatid cyst-A case report

Features of low tension in breast hydatid cyst and symptoms secondary to cyst dying and disintegration are unique and not yet reported in the literature. An young woman of 30 years complained about pain and vague swelling in the right breast during follow-up with albendazole therapy following second laparotomy for post-surgical residual cavity of hydatid cyst in the left lobe of the liver. Breast ultrasound was diagnostic. Segmental breast excision revealed a large dead hydatid cyst. Postoperative course was uneventful. Breast hydatid cyst may become symptomatic and hypotensive after start of albendazole therapy

Prolonged mechanical ventilation causing tracheoesophageal fistula

Tracheo esophageal fistula [TEF] is a congenital or acquired communication between the trachea and esophagus. These fistulae can often lead to fatal complications. Prolonged intubation with high compliance endotracheal tube cuffs used to prevent gas leak and also pulmonary aspiration may cause tracheal damageand lead to tracheoesophageal fistulae

We report a case of a young man developing a TEF after being intubated for multiple injuries with the intent to highlight this rare cause of severe complication and even death

Drug-induced vasculitis in a breast cancer patient receiving chemotherapy

Introduction: Drug-induced vasculitis following chemotherapy has been rarely reported. We report such a case of drug-induced vasculitis following chemotherapy in a breast cancer patient

Report of the Case: A 52 year old woman with stage III breast cancer developed pathologically proven vasculitis presenting as bilateral severe erythema, edema and ulceration on both feet 10 days following the 4th cycle of adjuvant chemotherapy. Chemotherapy consisted of docetaxel, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide in each cycle that was preceded by premedication including dexamethasone, granisetron, and H1 and H2 blockers. Furthermore, filgrastim [5 micro g/kg] was administered following each cycle of chemotherapy during days 5-9. By discontinuing chemotherapy and starting high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone, vasculitis was resolved. The patient did not experience vasculitis following the re-challenge of chemotherapy excluding docetaxel and filgrastim

Conclusion: This case suggests that docetaxel and filgrastim might be added to the list of agents causing drug-induced vasculitis

Fine needle aspiration diagnosed skin metastasis in a young man with rectal cancer

Introduction: Although colon cancer is one of the most common human cancers, skin metastasis in this disease is rare and necessitates pathological confirmation

Report of the Case: Herein we present a 33 year old man with rectal cancer with ascites. Six cycles of Oxaliplatin based chemotherapy were given. The ascites improved. After three weeks, skin lesions appeared in the upper trunk, both chest wall and back, with extension to the anterior neck Fine Needle Aspiration from the lesions showed malignancy and second line chemotherapy was started. Although the skin lesions showed partial response, unfortunately, the patient died after the fourth chemotherapy injection

Conclusion: Skin metastasis in colorectal cancer, although rare, is a devastating sign, and a careful dermatologic examination should be included in these patients' follow up visits

Simultaneous determination of losartan and hydrochlorothiazide in pharmaceutical preparations by derivative and ratio derivative spectrophotometry

Losartan is a non-peptide potent antihypertensive agent that acts through blocking angiotensin n receptors. Hyzaar is a combination product that contains two drugs, losartan and hydrochlorothiazide, used to lower high blood pressure. There are some reports regarding simultaneous measurement of the drugs in pharmaceutical and biological samples which includes HPLC, CE, CEC, and multisyringe chromatography. UV-V is spectra of standard solutions of losaratan and hydrochlorothiazide were prepared separately and together in combination with various concentrations of the drugs. To determine these two drugs simultaneously without any preliminary treatment, losartan was determined by ratio derivative Spectrophotometry at third derivation with ? lamda = 10 nm at 246.3 nm, and hydrochlorothiazide was determined at first derivation with delta lamda = 5nm at 334.4 nm. This method was used to determine the two drugs in real samples of tablets. The method had a good linearity in the concentration range studied [r > 0.999]. Precision of the method revealed that RSD% was lower than 2.10 and 1.79 for losartan and hydrochlorothiazide, respectively. Accuracy of the method on the basis of error% was lower than 3.3% for losartan and 2.3% for hydrochlorothiazide. Based on the validation results, it could be concluded that the method was reliable and valid for determination of the drugs in their preparations. Real sample analysis showed that tablets had 84.9% hydrochlorothiazide and 92.6% losartan compared to label amount of the drugs. Results depicted a simple, valid, inexpensive and reliable method for simultaneous determination of the two drugs in pharmaceutical preparations applicable to the quality control laboratory of pharmaceutical industries

Parasites of some freshwater fish from Armand river, Chaharmahal va Bakhtyari province, Iran

The aim of this study was to detect the occurrence of parasites in fish in Armand River, Chaharmahal va Bakhtyari Province regarding the importance of native fish population in the river. The occurrence of parasites was investigated in 6 native fish [Capoeta capoeta, C. damascina, C. aculeta, Barbus barbulus, B. grypus and Glyptothorax silviae] collected from the current main channel of the river from autumn 2009 to summer 2010. 63.7% of the studied fishes were infected with 19 parasite species including Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Myxobolus musayevi, Dactylogyrus lenkorani, D. gracilis, D. pulcher, D. chramuli, D. akaraicus, D. skrjabiensis, two species of Gyrodactylus, Paradiplozoon sp., Lamproglena compacta, Copepodid of Lernaea cyprinacea, Ergasilus sp., Allocreadium isoporum, Allocreadium pseudaspii, Kawia sp., Bothriocephalus gowkongensis and Rhabdochona denudata. The infection rate was significantly higher [P<0.05] in C.aculeata while the maximum parasite diversity was found in C.damascina. The infection rate was also significantly different in four seasons [P<0.05] but no significant differences were found among fishes with different weight and length. High prevalence of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Rhabdochona denudata may affect native fish population. Monogenean parasites Dactylogyrus akaraicus and D. skrjabiensis collected from B. barbulus and C. capoeta are reported for the first time in Iran. B. barbulus is also reported as a new host for aforementioned parasites

Feasibility and outcome of proximal catheter lleostomy - a pilot study

Loop ileostomy has high complication rates and causes much patient inconvenience. This study was carried out to evaluate the feasibility and outcome of a proximal catheter ileostomy in place of loop ileostomy in patients treated by intestinal repair and/or resection-anastomosis. Prospective study. Setting: J. N. Medical College Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. From November 2006 to November 2009, in all patients treated surgically by primary repair and/or resection-anastomosis of small and/or large bowel, we constructed a catheter ileostomy when a defunctioning proximal protective loop ileostomy was considered advisable. Catheter ileostomy was constructed in the fashion of catheter jejunostomy, with postoperative saline irrigation. Catheter ileostomy was performed in 20 patients in the 3-year period. The mean age of the subjects was 28.6 years and the male: female ratio was 1.86:1. Four patients died of septicemia and multiple organ failure unrelated to catheter ileostomy in the immediate postoperative period. Catheter ileostomy started functioning within 48 hours of the operation, and twice-daily irrigation was found sufficient in 81.25% of the surviving patients. Only one patient developed peritubal leak with mild skin excoriation that cleared within 5 days. Another patient with Koch's abdomen underwent conversion to loop colostomy on re-exploration for postoperative adhesive obstruction. There was no instance of intestinal leak. Ileostomy wounds closed spontaneously within 7-14 days of catheter removal, and none required formal closure. Hospital stay ranged from 12-35 days [mean: 23 days]. Catheter ileostomy is effective in protecting intestinal anastomosis/ repair; there is minimal morbidity and no catheter-related leak/mortality, and we recommend the procedure

Relationship between venous blood gas parameters, thyroid hormone levels and ascites syndrome in broiler chickens exposed to cold temperature

The objective of this study was to find a relationship between blood gas parameters and thyroid hormone activity with ascites syndrome in broiler chickens exposed to cold temperature and receiving a high quality diet. One hundred and sixty one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly divided in two equal groups. To increase the incidence of ascites, chicks of group 1 were fed ad libitum with a higher condensed diet and reared under a lower ambient temperature. Weekly, blood gas parameters and thyroid hormone levels were measured and growth performance was recorded. The hearts of dead and slaughtered birds were examined for determination of arterial pressure index [API] values. Ascites incidence was clearly higher in cold-exposing chickens compared with normal rearing chickens. The mean values of carbon dioxide tension of group 1 chickens were significantly higher compared with group 2 chickens at the 4th and 5th weeks of age, while the phenomenon of oxygen was reversed in these two experimental groups. The function of thyroid hormone levels were changed at week 4 of age, as observed for blood gas parameters. In conclusion, the present study showed a significant association between thyroid hormones functions, the levels of venous blood carbon dioxide and oxygen pressures in the two groups of chickens

phase II study of docetaxel, cisplatin and 5- fluorouracil [TPF] in patients with locally advanced head and neck carcinomas

The combination of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil [PF] is currently considered a standard and effective regimen for the treatment of advanced head and neck carcinomas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of docetaxel, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil [TPF] in patients with unresectable head and neck carcinomas. Forty-six patients with previously untreated non-metastatic stage IV head and neck carcinomas were enrolled. All patients received three cycle of induction chemotherapy with docetaxel [75mg/m[2]], cisplatin [40 mg/m[2]] [days 1-2/, and 5-FU [500 mg/m[2], days 1-3], repeated every 21 days. Following induction chemotherapy, all patients underwent concurrent chemoradiotherapy using weekly cisplatin [30 mg/m[2]] and a median total dose of 70 Gy was delivered. Clinical response rate and toxicity were the primary and secondary end-points of the study. There were 31 men and 15 women. All patients had non-metastatic stage IV [T2-3N2-3 or T4N0-3] of disease. Overall and complete response rates were 74% and 24% respectively. Advanced T4 classification was associated with poorer response rate [p value= 0.042]. The major [grade 3-4] treatment-related toxicities were myelosuppression [78%], anorexia [13%], diarrhea [7%], emesis [11%] and stomatitis/pharyngitis [24%]. In comparison with the data of historical published trials of the PF regimen, the TPF regimen was more effective. However, the TPF regimen appears to be associated with a higher incidence of major toxicities. Therefore, our limited findings support the TPF regimen as an alternative chemotherapeutic regimen for advanced head and neck carcinomas

Survey the effect of benson relaxation intervention on quality of life [QOL] in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy

Breast cancer is the second most common malignancy disorder in the word. Chemotherapy as an effective measure decrease quality of life [QOL] in these patients. Side effects of chemotherapy can be effective on physical, emotional and social aspects. Complementary medicine can be effective on QOL. The purpose of this study was survey the effect of Benson relaxation intervention on QOL in breast cancer who was undergoing chemotherapy. This study was designed on quasi-experiment in which 25 subjects who have breast cancer without metastasis and receiving chemotherapy with TAC [Taxotere Adriamycin and Cyclophosphamide,] regimen. Subjects completed demographic data, C-30 and BR23 QOL questioners in first day of treatment and 3 week after it. Then the Benson relaxation to subjects were considered. The individuals received audiotape of relaxation to do the technique daily 15-20 min. for 3 weeks. At the end questioners were completed by subjects. Information analyzed by SPSS soft ware. There was statistically significant improvement in QOL [P=0.02] and Physical functioning [P=0.001], ole functioning [P=0.001], emotional functioning [P=0.001], cognitive functioning [P=0.001], social functioning [P=0.001], body image [P=0.001], sexual enjoyment [P=0.01], future perspective [P=0.001] and there was no statistically significant improvement in sexual functioning [P=0.7] after Benson relaxation intervention. Benson Relaxation intervention could be an effective approach for improving QOL in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy

[Assessing the topical high pressure oxygen therapy in healing of bedsore]

Bedsore is a serious complication and if not treated properly it can cause permanent problems for patients. To determine the affects of topical high pressure oxygen therapy on healing of bedsore in patients hospitalized at different medical centers in Qazvin. Through a randomized single blind clinical trial, 100 patients were selected and randomly divided into 2 equal control and experimental groups. The experiments were carried out at ICUs, Neurology wards, and Orthopedic Units of different hospitals. While the control group was only given routine wound care, the members of the experimental group received topical high pressure oxygen [10 L/m] for 20 mins, 3 times a day as well as the routine wound care. Bedsore size was measured pre-treatment and remeasured every 48 post-treatment in both groups. Data were analyzed using indipendent t-test and discriptive statistics. The majority of patients were females [51%] with an average age of 70.02 +/- 13.81 years old. The average size of bedsore in control and experimental groups before treatment was 31.809 cm2 and 28.724 cm2, respectively. The average size of bedsore after treatment was 30.02 cm2 in control group and 13.37 cm2 in experimental group. There was a significant difference between two groups [p<0.05]. Based on the findings of the present study, the topical high pressure oxygen therapy was found to be highly effective in healing of bedsore. Hence, the application of topical high pressure oxygen therapy as an auxiliary method of treatment is recommended

Pancreatic cancer in Southern Iran

Pancreatic cancer is still a health problem worldwide. The present study aimed to report the clinical characteristics, prognostic factors and treatment outcomes of 55 cases of pancreatic cancer and the literature review and analysis. Between 1998 and 2008, 55 consecutive patients proven pathologically with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas and treated at our institution were enrolled. To find out the recent major series, a literature review was performed. We selected 35 major series including 257950 patients with pancreatic cancer for discussing the present study. Twenty-four patients [44%] had resectable disease, 19 [34%] had locally advanced disease, and 12 [22%] had metastatic disease. There were 22 women and 33 men ranging in age from 16 to 76 years, with a median age of 57 years at diagnosis. After a median follow-up of 15 months [range=2-104 months] for surviving patients, 14 patients were alive and without disease, 3 patients were alive with disease and 38 patients had died due to disease. The 5-year overall survival was 27%. In this study and by analyzing the large data collection of recent major reported series, we found that pancreatic cancer tended to present at advanced stage, with a high frequency of locoregional and distant failure and a poor outcome. More effective local and systemic treatment for improving overall survival is needed

effects of vaccination against meningococcal meningitis in Islamic Republic of Iran military forces during the years 1981 to 2009

Meningococcal meningitis is usually seen in overpopulated areas such as military barracks and causes high levels of mortality and morbidity. The aim of this study is to determine the role of vaccination as an interventional method in preventing this infection during 1981 to 2009 in Islamic Republic of Iran Military Forces. In a cross-sectional, the related documents in three other projects, including the mortality rate in high risk populations, intervention by vaccination and its efficiency in the soldiers, were surveyed along with the epidemiological evidences found using advanced laboratory method. The results indicated that the good vaccination has succeeded in protecting at risk groups with high levels of immunity. However, the vaccination accompanied with improved management of the patients resulted in a decrease in the mortality rate less than 0.1% by the end of 2008. Most of the patients who were at risk of meningitis were retired personals and their families. In addition, 35% of bacterial meningitis was due to Streptococcus pneumoniae. The results of this research indicated that the prevalence of mortality decreased from 106 cases in 2001 to nearly zero in 2009 which is due to control of meningococcal meningitis by vaccination and shows its significant impact on infection reduction

Lethal effect of high temperatures on the eggs of fasciola hepatica

Fasciolosis is a cosmopolitan parasitic disease with considerable economic and public health importance. Fasciola hepatica is the major cause of fasciolosis in man and domestic animals. Although remarkable research works have been done around the optimum temperature and time required for miracidial development, little is known about the exact susceptibility of Fasciola hepatica eggs to high temperatures. In the present study, Fasciola hepatica eggs were initially incubated at 40°C, 45°C, and 50°C for various times [1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 h], followed by incubation at 28°C for 16 days. Miracidial formation was subsequently investigated on the 16th day of incubation. Even though the rate of miracidial formation in the control group was 52%, in the eggs incubated at 40°C for 1, 3, and 5 h, the miracidial formations were 51.4%, 42.4% and 39.9%, respectively, and these values in the group incubated at 45°C were 46%, 42.5% and 33.7%, as well. However, in the case of incubation at 50°C for 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 h, these values were recorded as 1.96%, 0.57%, 0.07%, 0.00% and 0.00%, respectively. The results indicated that the eggs were susceptible to high temperatures and incubation of the eggs at 50°C for 4 h was enough to significantly inactivate the eggs and prevent miracidial formation [P<0.001]. However, using the livestock faeces as fertilizer in many rural areas may lead to the contamination of pasture. According to the findings of this study, in the areas with a high prevalence rate of Fasciola hepatica, manure storage for a sufficient time or heating the livestock manure before use as fertilizer is strongly recommended