[Standardization of the molecular method for detection of the ent D in staphylococcus aureus isolated from human infections: and sequence determination]

Staphylococcal enterotoxin D as a supper antigen is produced by infected samples of human and animal sources. The aim of this study was to standardize the detection methods for the Staphylococcus strain producing enterotoxin D. A PCR method was set up for detection of enterotoxin D gene [ent D] in Staphylococcus aureus samplesisolated from the human subjects [310 strains isolated from clinical samples]. The specific PCR-product [a band about 700 bp] was purified and sent off for DNA sequencing. Blast analysis showed a 99% identity with the standard gene sequence from Genebank. The ability to produce enterotoxin D by all strains carrying ent D was analyzed by using an ELISA kit. The results of this study show that the PCR method has been well set up. There were two PCR products obtained by the primer pair, one at 700 bp and another at 1400 bp. Both bands were gel purified and sent for DNA sequencing. The results, based on the alignment with the standard ent D sequences from GenBank, suggest that ent D is contained within the 700-bp product. Production of the entrotoxin D in the positive strains was confirmed by ELISA. Based on the available information, coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus strains are recorded in clinical samples. However, there is no routine method available to analyze the ability of the bacterial strains for producingtoxins including enterotoxin D. This study represents a simple, fast, and standard method for verification of the bacteria enterotoxin D and the strains producing it

[Knowledge, Attitude and practice of households and health care staff towards nutrition and micronutrients (NUT-KAP) in provinces under the pilot study on flour fortification with Iron: study design and sampling method]

A [healthy human being] is the cornerstone of stable development in every country. Thus, an important part of the development process is the nutritional improvement of the society. Although a great proportion of the families' income is spent on food nutritional problems are still prominent in this country. This fact demonstrated that diets are mostly influenced by the education and knowledge of the households, rather than any new developments in food production. This study was designed to investigate the knowledge, attitude and practices of the households and health care provider regarding nutrition and micronutrients in provinces of Bousheher, Golestan, and Sistan and Balouchestan. The results of this study can help the Community Nutrition Office in the design and effective implementation of interventions aimed at improving nutritional health households. The sampling method for households was the single-stage cluster sampling with equal-sized clusters. The sampling method for health staff was stratified random sampling. The number of samples in each stratum was proportion to its size. A total of 2304 households and 360 health care workers were selected for this study. The data were gathered through a structured questionnaire and via interviews with eligible people in each household, and although some levels of health staff. At the level of the health staff, physicians and other health professionals, data collection was done through self-administrated questionnaires