[Study of road traffic injuries risk factors by geographic information system [GIS] in 2009]

Using Geographical Information System [GIS] can decreases the burden of road traffic injuries effectively by identification of hot spot to modification in hazardous areas. The aim of the study was determining geographical distribution of human risk factors associated with road traffic injuries by using Geographical Information System [GIS] in Iran. The national database of road traffic injuries registered by the Iranian traffic Police [Rahvar NAJA] was used. The human risk factors were investigated by recognition of the hazardous points and geographical distribution of associated risk factors. The Hot Spot Analysis and Map clustering approaches were employed to meet the objectives. The mean age of injured subjects was 34 years and the most affected age group was 20-39 years. Death and injury occurrence within out of cities ways were 0.3% and 28% respectively. Geographical distribution of risk factors also showed that roads of Northern provinces i.e. [Gilaan and Mazandaran] were the hazardous rising as well as Qazvin to Rasht and Qom to Tehran roads. Sistan and Balochestan Provinces and Tehran had the highest [4.8%] and the lowest [0.1%] rates of road traffic injuries leading to death in the country. Northern provinces and its leading axes by hazardous rising and Sistan and Balochestan province with fatal injuries need to identify the cause of injuries' and, if necessary, more tighten regulations and more controls by the traffic police must be applied.

[ correlation between organizational citizenship behavior and job involvement of staff at educational and private hospital]

Introduction: In recent studies related to organization, the concept of organizational citizenship behavior has attracted the attention of many researchers and managers. Job Involvement is also an important variable that helps to increase the effectiveness of organization. This study aimed to determine correlation between organizational citizenship behavior and job involvement of staff at two educational and private hospitals

Materials and Methods: This study is a descriptive-correlational study that has taken place among 300 staffs that were selected randomly, in two public and private hospitals in Tehran. The Data gathering instrument was a valid and reliable questionnaire that was consists of three parts: demographic information, [Organizational Citizenship Behavior] questionnaire, in five dimensions: conscience, altruism, virtue-orienting, magnanimity and courtesy and [Job Involvement] questionnaire. Collected data were analyzed by using SPSS/18

Findings: Pearson test showed significant correlation [P<0.000] between citizenship behavior and job involvement of employees of two hospitals. Also in private hospital, there was a significant correlation between all dimensions of citizenship behavior and job involvement, except the item of courtesy. In public hospital, only between job involvement and altruism were not found significant correlations

Conclusion: According to the results and importance of citizenship behavior in increasing Job involvement of hospitals staff, the most critical institution, it is suggested that managers try to improve organizations citizenship behavior by setting appropriate policies and strategies in their organization staff

An overview on causation in epidemiology

The relationship between two things if one is another originator or creator, called causality. Although this concept is not specified to Medical Sciences and Epidemiology, the importance of this issue is more highlighted in the field of epidemiology. Causation is the most basic concepts in empirical sciences and is still under discussion because it is dependent on the basis of any scientific laws without acceptance something cease causality is impossible. With the increasing development of science as well as epidemiology, causality has found a broader concept and its application in analytical studies and logical interpretation of the results of this type of study, has a wider dimension. Due to developing new epidemiology courses at medical universities and increase the number of students, it is felt to talk more about the causality concept. In this review causality concepts in the humanities is overviewed, its history is briefly described, the causality of Medical Epidemiology and also Islamic religion is considered, then the causality framework, and models to interpret the conventional causality will be discussed

[Differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells in dopaminergic cells in rat model of Parkinson's disease]

Previous studies have reported that the number of dopaminergic neurons surviving in the grafts is critical for functional recovery in Parkinson disease. Free radical mediated damage has been reported to contribute significantly towards low survival of grafted dopaminergic neurons, post transplantation. In the present study, an attempt has been to explore the neuroprotective potential of the combination of coenzyme Q10 and transplantation of mesenchaimal stem cells in rat model of parkinson's disease [PD]. In this experimental study of male Wistar rats that had been divided into six groups were used: Groups; control, sham, lesion, treatment with oral administration of CoQ10, treatment with graft BMSC and combined treatment with graft BMSC and oral administration of CoQ10. Oral administration of CoQ10 was started one week before the model creation procedure and continued during the whole treatment period. The laboratory model of Parkinson disease in rats was performed by injection 6-OHDA in substantia nigra pars compacta. The end of second month treatment molecular studies were performed. Molecular assessment showed that TH gene expression levels in the combined therapy group was significantly different with other experimental groups [p<0.001]. The combined use of two neuroprotective treatment and replacement therapy can have a more effective role in the treatment of Parkinson's disease in comparison to single treatment protocols

Therapeutic effect of bone marrow stromal cells and coenzyme Q10 on rat models of parkinson's disease

The assessment of the ability of combined treatment of bone marrow stromal cells graft [BMSCs] and oral administration of Coenzyme [CoQIO] in rat model of Parkinson disease as a good substitute for common current Parkinson treatments, and the comparison of this combined treatment method with alone application of these treatments. In this experimental study of male Wistar rats were used. They were divided into six groups: control, sham, lesion, treatment groups with oral administration of CoQIO, treatment with graft BMSC and combined treatment with graft BMSC and oral administration of CoQIO. Oral administration of CoQIO with 200 mg/kg/daily dose started a week before the model creation procedure and continued throughout the whole treatment period. The laboratory model of Parkinson disease in rats was performed by injecting 2.5 microlitre saline solution 0.9% containing 8 micrograms 6-hydroxy dopamine [6-OHDA] and 0.2% ascorbic acid in substantia nigra pars compacta. Also in sham group the same volume solution saline-ascorbic was injected. BMS Cells were labeled by 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine [Brdu] before transplantation. Behavioral assessment before creating the model, two weeks after creating the model and eight weeks after cell transplantation was performed. At the end of second month of treatment, Immunohistochemistry and histology Studies were performed. Behavioral assessment of two groups of alone treatments indicated the equal recovery in comparison with lesion group [p<0.01] while combined treatment of BMSC and Co Q10 showed a considerable recovery compared with lesion group [p<0.001]. In addition according to histological studies, no sign of gliosis and graft rejection was seen. Immunohistochemistry studies of Brdu indicate that the cells are alive after two month of application in host tissue. Cell count assessment showed that the number of neural cells in combined treatment of BMSC and Co Q10 was significant difference with others experimental groups [p<0.001]. The combined use of two neuroprotective treatment and replacement therapy can have a more effective role in the treatment of Parkinson's disease in comparison of alone treatment protocols

Discourse analysis in schizophrenic patients on the basis of grice's cooperative principles

The ultimate goal of this study is one of the discourse fields analysis, i.e. Grice's cooperative principles. In this comparative and case - control study, two groups of normal individuals and schizophrenic patients were selected by simple method from sample of convenience and interviewed based on the spontaneous part of Persian Aphasia Test. All the answers were analyzed with respect to the percent rate of errors in the 4 [cooperative maxims], and the errors were collected. Data were analyzed by Independent T Test, ANOVA, Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney. There were significant differences between two groups in respect to all the Grice's cooperative principles [P<0.001], maxim of quantity [P<0.001], maxim of relevance [P<0.001] and maxim of manner [P=0.02], but in maxim of quality there was no significant differeance [P=0.07]. The mean percent of errors in the course of illness, education and age varieties were not significant. Schizophrenic patients have incoherence speech and this problem exists in the discourse field and social interactions, thus the patients frequently fail in observing the Gricean cooperative principles

[ effects of hyaluronan on fertilization capability of mouse sperm before cryopreservation and after thawing]

Freezing and thawing induce a number of insults to the sperm cells, such as low motility and low fertilization capability. For evaluation of hyaluronan [HA] supplementation on sperm characteristics, we investigated the effect of hyaluronan [HA] on mouse sperm before freezing and after thawing. For this purpose we removed cauda epididimes from 24 male mice with aseptic method and freezed the semen in 1.8ml cryotubes with%18 raffinose and%3 skim milk cryoprotectant solution.We had 4 groups: group 1[fresh control] group 2 [freeze control] group 3[supplemented 750 micro g/ml HA to sperm before freezing] and group 4[supplemented 750 micro g/ml HA to sperm after thawing]. Fertility rate evaluated after routine IVF by counting two-cell stage embryos. HA supplementation [750 micro g /ml] after thawing improved fertilization capability parameters but supplementation before freezing had no effect on mentioned characteristic. Acording to data of present study the hyaluronan supplemen- tation [750 micro g /ml] after thawing has the greatest effect on the fertility rate of sperms