ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the role of human risk factors in the severity of road traffic accidents on urban and rural roads. All data from road traffic-injured subjects [census, 592168] which were registered by the Fava system [COM forms] were investigated. Human risk factors due to road traffic injuries and the Odds ratio were calculated using an ordinal regression model and adjusted to probable confounding risk factors such as age, gender and lighting system in urban and rural roads. The mean age of the subjects was 34.1 +/- 14.0 years. Among human risk factors, the highest percentage [69.9%] was allocated to the disregard of rules and legislation. The Odds ratio of an accident being fatal or non-fatal in inner city roads to alcohol users was 6.5 times more than for those who did not have this risk factor [OR: 6.5, CI: 4.88-8.65]. In outer city roads it was also the highest among other ratios [OR: 1.73, CI 1.22-3.29]. In spite of the fact that alcohol had the highest effect on the severity of road traffic injuries, but acknowledging the low prevalence of this factor and its outcome on lower attributable risks when compared to other factors, it is a better prevention program to focus on those factors which are more prevalent, such as the disregard of rules and legislation and speed.
ABSTRACT
Traffic crashes are multi-factorial consequences caused by human factors, technical issues and environmental conditions. The present study aimed to determine epidemiology of urban traffic injuries in Iran and role of some human risk factors in occurrence of such outcomes in 2010. Through a descriptive cross-sectional study, the records of 515205 injured people injured people due to road traffic crashes were used. Odd ratios for traffic events using regression models with appropriate chances and logistic regression were estimated by considering affecting factors on outcomes of traffic injuries such as age and gender. Data of 515205 drivers including 464401 [90.1%] males were analyzed. From the environmental factors related to road deficiency, the difference between level of the road and its edge line [OR = 4.3; 95% CI: 2.8-6.5] and road dropping [OR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.1-6.2] had the most influence on mortalities due to traffic crashes. Sudden change of direction [OR = 9.9; 95% CI: 8.2-11.9] and lacking control of vehicle [OR = 7.0; 95% CI: 5.8-8.4] had the most effects on either injury or death categories after adjustment for age, gender and lightening. With respect to increased mortalities due to road traffic crashes in Iran, comprehensive studies about epidemiology and risk factors of traffic accidents could beconsidered as a giant step to control these risk factors and decrease the death burden of such events.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of NT-3 on the decrease of the differentiation time of bulge stem cells of rat hair follicle from neuron like cells. The bulge region of the rat whisker was isolated from and cultured in DMEM/F12 supplemented with epidermal growth factor [EGF] in 3 groups for 7,8 and 9 days. Then 10 ng /ml NT-3 was added to each group for 3 days. Finally, cell differentiation was assessed by immunocytochemistry using betaIII-tubulin antibody and the result was compared with control groups. According to our results hair follicle bulge stem cells expressed CD34 and Nestin in 7-9 and 10-12 first days after cultivation respectively. By using NT-3 duration differentiation process the cells showed positive reaction to betaIII-tubulin antibody. The results indicate that NT-3 can affect on differentiation speed even in less than 10 days
ABSTRACT
To investigate of the effects of a poly L-lactic acid [PLLA] nanofiber scaffold on proliferation of frozen-thawed neonate mouse spermatogonial stem cells. Spermatogonial cells were isolated from neonatal 3-6-day-old NMRI mice testes by two steps enzymatic digestion and differential plating. The isolated spermatogonial cells were divided into four culture groups: 1] fresh spermatogonial cells, 2] fresh spermatogonial cells seeded onto PLLA 3] frozen-thawed spermatogonial cells, 4] frozen-thawed spermatogonial cells seeded onto PLLA. Cells in all groups were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 5% FCS and 10 ng/ml GDNF for 3 weeks. Diameter and number of clusters which were determined during the culture and semi-quantitative RT-PCR were carried out at the end of 3rd week for all culture groups. Presence of spermatogonia at the culture was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR] for several important spermatogonial markers [PLZF, Oct4, GFRalpha-1, VASA, ITGA6 and ITGB1]. The significancy of the data was analyzed using Repeated Measures and ANOVA tests. The findings indicated that the viability rate of the fresh cell [control 1 and exprimental 1] and the frozen cells after thawing [control 2 and exprimental 2] were 89.25 +/- 2.2 and 63 +/- 3.56, respectively and the differences were significant [p<0.001]. In vitro culturing of spermatogonial cells on PLLA significantly increased the formation of cell clusters in comparison with those of the control groups [p