[Survey of climatic condition of Malaria disease outbreak in Iran using GIS]

Malaria as a mosquito-borne disease is largely dependent on climatic conditions. Temperature, rainfall and relative humidity are considered as climatic factors affecting the geographical distribution of this disease. These climatic factors have definite roles not only in the growth and proliferation of the mosquito Anopheles but also in the parasite Plasmodium activity. The purpose of this study was to find in which regions of Iran climatic conditions favour spread of malaria. Data on 3 climatic factors, including the mean monthly temperature, rainfall and mixed ratio of humidity, obtained from 31 synoptic meteorological stations during the 30-year period 1975-2005 were used. By running the informative filters through map algebra tools in the Geographical Information System [GIS], the synoptic meteorological stations were classified into 4 groups in terms of climatic conditions favouring activity and proliferation of the mosquito Anopheles and the parasite Plasmodium. Then the regions were interpolated in terms of climate risk of malaria incidence using the tension Spiline interpolation method. The maps of climatic potential malaria risk indicated that the southern provinces including Hormozgan, Bushehr and Khuzestan, southern parts of Sistan-Balouchistan province, such as Chabahar and Nikshahr, as well as Northern provinces of the country, including Mazandaran and Gilan, have the highest climatic potential for risk of malaria spread. On the other hand, provinces in the North Western region, including West and East Azarbaijan, Ardebil, Kurdistan and Zanjan, have the lowest climatic potential risk of malaria spread. Further analysis of the data showed that a large segment of the population is living in regions with medium- to high-risk zones. The findings of this study can be used when designing malaria control programs to identify different regions in terms of climate-based malaria risk. The presented risk map of malaria in this study is completely based on climatic factors. The disconformity between these presented climate-based maps and the observed high-risk map is due to such factors as socioeconomic and lifestyle changes, as well as border problems [foreign subjects entering the country]

[ study on the attitude of student about complications of Ecatasy abuse in Tehran]

Nowadays, addiction is considered as one of the greatest social and health problems. Basically, the youth have more tendency toward new artificial addictive drugs rather than traditional opiate drugs. Given the aim for producing these artificial addictive drugs, it will clear that these drugs, chemical or artificial, are produced merely to be used. In other words, teenagers have more tendency toward these attractive drugs. This study was performed to understand the attitude of students about the effects of ecstasy abuse. The present research is a cross-sectional study. Using randomized cluster application, 140 students were chosen from the management students who studying in Tehran University and the Iran University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected through questionnaires. Most students had an average attitude. Average attitude was 32.1 +/- 3.61 SD among the students of Iran University of Medical Sciences, while it was 31.1 +/- 3.7 SD for the sudents of Tehran University. Using statistical analyze, we found that there is no meaningful relationship between students attitude and background variables such as age, sex and marital status, employment and living in university accomodations. This finding might show that the education level and employment of student parents has no influence on students attitude. Considering this fact that most of the students had an average attitude and in order to preventing drug abuse, using the social models and norms who can have effect the youth such as TV and cinema artists, athletes, school and university teachers and professors, newspaper and radio are suggested. In addition, performing the comprehensive educational courses are recommended for all students at different ages

Accuracy of pipelle endometrial sampler in evaluation of endometrium

The purpose of this study was to compare the use of pipelle endometrial sampling device based on the quality of material obtained and diagnostic accuracy with conventional dilation and curettage [Dand C] or hysterectomy specimens. This cross sectional study was done on 50 patients who referred to gynecology ward of Imam Reza hospital with abnormal uterine bleeding [AUB] or infertility for endometrial dating. Thirty-eight patients underwent two endometrial samplings [pipelle and conventional D and C] on the same occasion while 12 cases underwent hysterectomy. The procedure of sampling by pipelle was done by one person and the specimens were submitted to a pathologist. The adequacy of the specimen and histoiogical diagnosis were compared. Pipelle obtained adequate sample in 47 of 50 cases [94%]. The histoiogical diagnosis was the same in 85% of cases [40 out of 47]. The sensitivity for endometrial dating and endometrial polyp was 100% and 40%, respectively. Among 7 cases of inconsistent diagnosis, there was one missed malignancy [squamous cell carcinoma of cervix with extension to isthmus and lower segment]. In this case the histoiogical diagnosis of pipelle was inactive endometrium surrounded by pieces of clot. Pipelle endometrial sampling is an easy method for diagnosis of endometrial pathology. Its diagnostic accuracy for endometrial dating is very high, but in management of AUB, replacing conventional D and C with pipelle should be done with caution and preferably completed by other diagnostic techniques