Expression of bacillus species isolated phytase gene from soil by PCR method

Recognizing and using of isolated phytase in the soil microorganisms are paramount importance to produce the Phytase enzyme utilized commercially in different industries. This study was conducted to recognize different bacillus j species which are Phytase producers and detection of the gene that can produce this enzyme. Soil samples were gathered through different parts of mountainous areas. The early isolation of bacillus was carried out in Bacillus Medium Agar. After isolating the bacteria and genome extraction, the responsible gene of enzyme producer recognized and amplified by PCR method. The size of this protein and the optimal production situation in supplemental exploitation such as SDS-PAGE and the enzymatic activity of its size were evaluated. Of 40 samples, one bacterium secreting Phytase enzyme was isolated. This bacterium was sequenced and recognized Bacillus Sobtlis species that is classified in STR Genus. The size of protein phytase produced by this gene was about 45 KD and the enzyme activity at 55 degrees was measured about 5.65 in wavelength of 415 I NM. The phytase gene with the size of 1200 bp was propagated. the microorganisms, in natural conditions, produce Phytase enzyme in limited amount and with the quality appropriate to microorganisms. Thus, isolating the bacilli producing Phytase enzyme and purifying this protein are highly significant

Evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of conventional and nanosilver-containing varnishes on oral streptococci

Statement of the Problem: Nanosilver particles have the potential to serve as a bactericidal agent because of the inherent antimicrobial influences of silver ion. The literature confirmed that specific micro-organisms, especially streptococci, have an important role as an etiological factor for caries

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of conventional and nanosilver-containing varnishes on oral streptococci

Materials and Method: Pure cultivations of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus salivarius were prepared on blood agar media. Thereafter, 0.5 McFarland standard of recently grown bacteria in normal saline was prepared and the bacteria were cultivated monotonously on the culture medium surface by applying a swab. Different concentrations of nanosilver varnishes were prepared in the Mueller- Hinton broth medium in the test tubes and equal amounts of 0.5 McFarland suspension of all the tested bacteria were added separately to all test tubes. A tube without varnish was included as the control sample. The tubes were kept at 37°C for 24 hours, then cultured to determine the numbers of bacteria in each tube by counting colonies. The numbers of bacteria in tubes with varnish were compared to the numbers of bacteria in the tube without varnish. In the instance of observing any reduction in the growth, the minimum inhibitory concentration for growth in the tube with varnish was determined

Results: Nanosilver varnish had an antimicrobial effect on S. mutans and S. salivarius. S. salivarius was more susceptible than S. mutans to the nanosilver varnish

Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, nanosilver varnishes can be used under amalgam restorations to reduce microbial population and subsequently preventing the recurrent caries

Comparison of the serum leptin levels in pregnant women with preeclampsia and those with normal blood pressure whom were referred to the Vali-e-asr hospital of Zanjan, Iran

Despite many of research, the cause of hypertension during pregnancy period has not been revealed. Disorders related to hypertension still remain among the most important unresolved maternity problems. The main goal of this work was to study the relationship between serum leptin levels and preeclampsia in Vali-e-asr Hospital of Zanjan from March 2005 till March 2006. This cross-sectional study was comprised of 2 groups of pregnant women in their last trimester. Each group consisted of 30 cases. The case group had blood pressure [BP] > 140/90, and either proteinuria >300 microg/24h or +1 and more with dipstick. The control group had normal BP. The samples were analyzed with leptin kit using ELISA technique. Independent t-test was used to analyze the results. Despite the slightly higher serum leptin levels in the control group, the difference was not significant [57.92 +/- 33.6 ng/dl vs. 45.8 +/- 34.6 ng/dl, respectively; p= 0.18]. Based on BMI>29, there was no significant differences in the serum leptin levels between the case and control groups [51.12 +/- 39.72 ng/dl and 56.75 i 34.84 ng/dl, respectively; p= 0.64]. However, based on BMI

Effect of milk supplementation on growth and viability of starter and probiotic bacteria in yogurt during refrigerated storage

In the present study, the effects of milk supplementation on growth and viability of yogurt [Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus] and probiotic bacteria [Lactobacillus acidophilus and bifidobacteria] were studied during yogurt production and 33 days of refrigerated storage

The incubation time to reach pH = 4.5 was greatly affected by the addition of milk powder [MP] tryptone [TRY] and sucrose [SUC]

Also, the increase in titrable acidity depended on added supplement. Viable counts of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus were significantly [P<0.05] increased in yogurt supplemented with whey powder [WP], TRY and milk powder plus five fold starter culture [MP-SC]

However, milk supplementation did not affect the counts of S. thermophilus in probiotic yogurt until the end of storage. Supplementation with TRY and MP-SC promoted the growth and viability of L. acidophilus, whereas milk supplementation with whey protein concentrate [WPC], yeast extract [YE], SUC and Cysteine, adversely affected the viability of L. acidophilus in probiotic yogurt. Finally, using a high level of inoculums [MP-SC] improved the viability of bifidobacteria during storage for 33 days. In conclusion, tryptone and milk powder plus five fold starter culture were found the most effective supplements to improve growth and viability of starter and probiotic [L. acidophilus and bifidobacteria] bacteria in probiotic yogurt during refrigerated storage for a five week period. These findings would be applicable in industrial production of probiotic yogurt?

Effect of milk supplementation on growth and viability of starter and probiotic bacteria in yogurt during refrigerated storage

In the present study, the effects of milk supplementation on growth and viability of yogurt [Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus] and probiotic bacteria [Lactobacillus acidophilus and bifidobacteria] were studied during yogurt production and 33 days of refrigerated storage

The incubation time to reach pH = 4.5 was greatly affected by the addition of milk powder [MP], tryptone [TRY] and sucrose [SUC]

Also, the increase in titrable acidity depended on added supplement. Viable counts of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus were significantly [P<0.05] increased in yogurt supplemented with whey powder [WP], TRY and milk powder plus five fold starter culture [MP-SC]

However, milk supplementation did not affect the counts of S. thermophilus in probiotic yogurt until the end of storage. Supplementation with TRY and MP-SC promoted the growth and viability of L. acidophilus, whereas milk supplementation with whey protein concentrate [WPC], yeast extract [YE], SUC and Cysteine, adversely affected the viability of L. acidophilus in probiotic yogurt. Finally, using a high level of inoculums [MP-SC] improved the viability of bifidobacteria during storage for 33 days. In conclusion, tryptone and milk powder plus five fold starter culture were found the most effective supplements to improve growth and viability of starter and probiotic [L. acidophilus and bifidobacteria] bacteria in probiotic yogurt during refrigerated storage for a five week period. These findings would be applicable in industrial production of probiotic yogurt?

[Changing care: New challenge in health care process in rural society according to health care providers' experience]

Introduction: Health care delivery systems in rural areas face many challenges in meeting the needs of the community and unfortunately adequate attention have not been paid to resolve this problem. The aim of this study was to explore challenges of health care process in rural society of Iran according to health care providers' experience

Materials and methods: This is a qualitative study using content analysis method. According to purposive sampling17 health care providers were selected. Data were collected via semi-structured individual interviews and were analyzed using qualitative content analysis method

Findings: Analysis of Data, eventually led to formation of one category as challenges of caring process in rural society. This challenge itself consists of different subcategories such as; change in characteristics of rural society, increase in complexity of caring process, decrease in workforce efficiency and reduction in tendency of peoples' taking care

Conclusion: Due to changes in the caring process, health care systems should provide new health care models to face potential challenges in this area

[ comparison between present with desired organizational culture in Tehran university of medical sciences' hospitals]

The study of organizational culture as a managerial tools, is necessary in health care organizations. Hospital administrators should compare present with desired hospitals' organizational culture continuously. This research is aimed to compare the present with desired organizational culture as administrators' view in Tehran University of Medical Sciences' Hospitals. A Cross - Sectional' descriptive and analytical study was conducted among 15 Tehran University of Medical Sciences' Hospitals administrators by a questionnaire including demographic information and 30 questions which determined the approach of TUMS hospitals administrators about current and appropriate organizational culture components. Before the main study, validity and reliability of the questionnaire was performed. The data was collected by SPSS version 15 software and analyzed by Chi-square, Pearson and T tests. The result of this study showed that leadership was the most and control was the least organizational culture components which observed in present condition. As TUMS hospital administrators' view, all of the hospitals organizational culture components, exception control and communication patterns, are not observed in current status. There is a significant difference between current and appropriate hospital organizational culture components as the administrator's view which impressed on the hospital management system. Therefore, the hospitals administrators are required to do strategic planning to optimize the hospitals organizational cultures

[ evaluation of antifungal activity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid on growth inhibition of standard strain of Candida albicans]

In recent years, the incidence of opportunistic fungi has shown a marked increase. Infection caused by common pathogenic fungi is a significant health problem in immune compromised hosts. The present study evaluated antifungal activity of Titanum dioxide nanoparticles and Ethylene diamine Tetra-acetic Acid against Candida albicans as self-cleaning agent by standard micro dilution test. The present study was conducted at the Medical University of Tarbiyat Modares in 2009. TiO2 nanoparticles were obtained through the hydrolysis of TiCl4 [Titanium tetrachloride]. Size and type of these nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy [SEM] and X-Ray-Diffraction [XRD]. Afterwards, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC] and Minimal Fungicide Concentration [MFC] test for TiO2 and EDTA were performed. Concentration of synthesized TiO2 was 7.03 mg/ml and 5.63 x 10[20] particles/ml. evaluation of morphology and diameter of the TiO2 nanoparticles with SEM showed that nanoparticles were spherical with diameter between 40-65 nm. MIC50 of 2.2, 1.24 and 0.125 micro g/ml respectively. MIC90 and MFC of TiO2, EDTA and fluconazole were 3.51, 2.48, 0.5 micro g/ml and 4.06, 3.1, 1 micro g/ml respectively. In the present study, using of synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles with chemical method showed a suitable activity against Candida in comparison with Fluconzaole. Thus it might represent a good candidates in elimination of Candida in medical from medical devices

[ effectiveness of Hero [taper 4% and 6%] instrumentation techniques on the elimination of Enterococcus faecalis from root canal]

Due to the deeper penetration of bacteria like Enterococcus faecalis into dentinal tubules in pulp diseases, different tapering in root canal therapies leads in different dentinal removal from root canal wall. Then, root canals with higher tapering will contain lower microbial contents. Furthermore, together with higher prevalence of root fractures in teeth with more tapering, the aim of this study is comparing the effect of different tapering of Hero Rotary files [6% versus 4%] in reduction of Enterococcus faecalis bacteria from the root canal of human extracted teeth. Seventy human extracted teeth were divided in two equal experimental [Hero 4%as group 1and Hero 6% as group 2] [n=27] and the control group [n=6].Two extra control group [positive n=5 and negative n=5] took for confirmation the canal reinfection, too. All of the samples prepared by K file No 20 and Gates Gilden No 2 and 3 before sterilization. Then the teeth were autoclaved and were infected with Enterococcus faecalis. The experimental groups were instrumented either with Hero 4% or with Hero 6% files up to #30. Bacteriological samples were taken after instrumentation to determine the level of remaining bacteria. In the group 1 two samples and in the group 2 six samples represented complete reduction of bacteria. There was not statistically significant different between the two groups. Aggressive preparation with an instrumentation technique removing substantial amounts of dentin [Hero 6%] did not reduce the intracanal bacteria more effectively than a more conservative instrumentation technique [Hero 4%] [P>0.05]

Application of PCR for detection of Vibrio cholerae using primers targeted against the gene of outer membrane protein ompW and comparison with conventional methods

Vibrio cholerae, the etiologic agent for the diarrheal disease of cholera, continues to be an important cause of mortality and morbidity in many parts of the world. V. cholera serotypes Ol and O139 are associated with classic cholera, however, other V. cholera strains, including non-agglutinable vibrios [NAG] are occasionally isolated from the cases of diarrhea. Identification of V. cholera is usually achieved through a series of culture and biochemical tests, but close relatedness among V. cholera and other member of Vibrio spp. or Aeromonas spp. has often made identification of the organism quite difficult. The objective of this study was evaluation of PCR targeting outer membrane proteins [ompW] for detection of V. cholera in comparison with conventional method of culture and biochemical tests. A total of 156 V. cholera isolates from both clinical and environmental sources identified on the basis of conventional culture, biochemical tests and serotyping. Polymerase chain reaction [PCR] assay was carried out using primers targeting the gene of outer membrane proteins. Second PCR assay was also performed using primers based on O139-rfb region within the V. cholerae chromosome. Based on the results from biochemical tests and serotyping, 6 isolates were identified as V. cholera 01, serotypes Ogawa [five cases] and Hikojima [one case] and 150 non-agglutinable vibrios [NAG]. PCR showed 136 isolates [87.9%] were positive for V. cholera and 20 others [12.1%] were negative. PCR results on NAG isolates revealed none of the isolates were belong to 0139 serotype. In the present study, PCR assay showed no priority over the conventional methods. The prevalent V. cholerae isolates in the region of study were NAG and the least dominant isolates were Ol Ogawa-serotype. No 0139 serotype was detected among the isolates

Evaluation o androgen and progesterone levels in women with preeclampsia

Preeclampsia along with its complications seems to be one of the major causes of maternal morbidity and mortality. Despite numerous studies, the pathology of preeclampsia has not yet been fully elucidated. This study, therefore, determines whether maternal serum levels of androgen and progesterone are higher in patients with preeclampsia than in matched control subjects. Serum progesterone, free and total testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone levels were measured in 19 women in their third trimester of pregnancy having preeclampsia, as patient group, and in 17 healthy normotensive pregnant women, as control group, with similar maternal and gestational ages. All women were primigravida with singleton pregnancy. There were no significant differences between the two groups in body mass index, maternal and gestational ages. Progesterone and free testosterone levels were significantly lower [P<0.01] in patients [75.1 +/- 8.6 ng/dl and 2.27 +/- 1.74 pg/dl] than of control group [111.6 +/- 9.71 ng/dl and 3.73 +/- 1.31 pg/dl]. Whereas, the levels of total testosterone [1.02 +/- 0.10 ng/dl vs. 1.37 +/- .019ng/dl] and dehydroepiandrosterone [0.99 +/- 0.13 micro g/dl vs. 0.98 +/- 5.15 micro g/dl] of patients and control groups were not significantly different. Levels of progesterone were pathologically and statistically lower in preeclampsia than of control women with similar age, gestational age and body mass index. It seems that accentuate increase sex hormone binding globulin is the cause of deceased free testosterone in preeclampsia

[Measurement of renal vitamin e for assessment of iron and nitric oxide interaction in rats]

Oxidative stress has been implicated as an important factor in induction of many disorders such as nephropathy and cancer. Iron by producing hydroxyl radical can cause this kind of stress. On the other hand nitric oxide [n0] when its concentration is high results in oxidative stress. Iron and NO have some interactions in each other function but there is no total agreement on this. For example in one study NO prevents and in another it worsens iron toxicity. The study aims at evaluating the interaction between NO and iron on renal oxidative stress. Renal vitamin E level was measured as an index of oxidative stress. Sixty-four male rats were divided into eight 8- rat groups as follows: I-SHAM [normal saline], 2- Fe [iron dextran], 3- ARG [L-arginine precursor of NO synthesis], 4- Fe+ARG, 5- L-NAME [Blocker of NO production], 6- Fe+L-NAME, 7- DFO [Defleroxamine, shelator of iron], and 8- ARG+DFO. All injections were performed intraperitoneally. Twenty hours after injections, right kidneys were removed and their concentration of- vitamin E was measured by high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that in group Fe there was a reduction in vitamin E compared to group SHAM [P<0.05]. In-group Fe+L-NAME there was a further reduction in vitamin E compared to group SHAM [P<0.01]. There was no significant difference between group SHAM with Fe+ARG. Group Fe+L-NAME also showed a significant decrease in vitamin E compared to group Fe+ARG [P<0.05]. We conclude that NO can prevent iron induced oxidative stress and can act as an antioxidant