[Antibiotic resistance pattern of cholera epidemy in Guilan province]

Cholera is an infectious disease caused by a gram negative facultatively anaerobic bacterium called Vibrio Cholera from contaminated food or water. Cholera may be asymptomatic or indicated by mild to severe diarrhea. The main treatment of diarrhea is the replacement of water and electrolytes and if needed, antibiotic therapy. Antibiotic resistance varies in different parts of Iran. This study seeks. To determine the antibiotic resistance of V. Cholerae strains in Guilan province, summer 1390 [2011]. This descriptive study was performed on Vibrio Cholera isolates from the respective patients in 1390 summer epidemic in Guilan province. All samples were inoculated to Carry-Blair medium, then to alkaline peptone water [APW]. After incubation, a loopful of the culture was taken from the surface of APW on TCBS medium. After incubation the yellow colonies were cultured in KIA medium. Serologic tests were carried out by o1 polyvalent antisera, and if positive, the test was performed by Inaba and Ogawa monovalent antiserum. Disk diffusion antibiogram was done for the 7 antibiotics by Kirby Bauer method. Data were analyzed descriptively by Excel 2007 software. From the 161 samples, 142 were positive for cholera of which 140 [98.5%] were related to Ogawa serotypes. Eighty samples [57%] were from the females. The mean age of the infected people was 38 yrs [range 3-84 yrs]. The largest number of samples were sent from Lahijan [n=39]. All the isolated samples were positive for motility, indole, citrate and oxides tests. Antibiogram study revealed 97%, 90%, 23.5%, 20%, 11%, 10%, 1.2% of the samples were resistant to Nitrofurantoin, Co-trimoxazole, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, Doxycycline, Erythromycin, and Ciprofloxacin, respectively. In this study, resistance to Ciprofloxacine was 1.2% and 57% of the isolates were intermediate. It seems that resistance is low in IRAN. Regarding the high sensitivity of separated vibrio to Tetracycline and Doxycycline [76%], they may be useful in the treatment of cholera

[Bacterial infection of hydatid cysts in slaughtered animals in Hamadan and Boroujerd slaughterhouses]

Hydatid cyst, the larval stage or metacestode of Echinococcosis, is an infection caused by cestode species of the genus Echinococcus and often localized in viscera of animals and humans. Hydatid cyst is typically filled with a clear fluid [hydatid fluid] that is sterile bacteriologically. Bacterial infection of hydatid fluid is sometimes present, but not always, and this leads to sterilizing the cyst and prevents producing protoscoleces. In this study the bacterial infection rate of animal's hydatid cyst in Hamadan and Boroujerd slaughterhouses were compared. Referring to Hamadan and Boroujerd slaughterhouses a total of 5709 livestock were inspected for the presence of hydatid cysts. In infected livestock, cyst number, size [diameter], type, and fertility or infertility on the basis of protoscolex presence, and bacterial infection status were determined and recorded. The hydatid fluid of all the collected cysts was cultured separately for isolation and identification of bacterium. Hydatid cysts were found in 6.5% of the animals in Hamadan and in 7% of the animals in Boroujerd. In Hamadan slaughterhouse, only 20% of cysts were fertile and the rest were infertile; however, in Boroujerd slaughterhouse, 32% of the cysts were fertile. The isolated bacteria in infected cysts in Hamadan were as below: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterobacter, Staphylococci beta-hemolytic and non hemolytic, Pseudomonas and Edwardsiella. The most common bacteria in Hamadan were E. coli [23.94%] and Klebsiella [22.5%], and in Boroujerd E. coli [35.7%] and Klebsiella [42.8%]. In Boroujerd the rates were 93% and 7% respectively. This study indicated that the infection rate of hydatid cysts was not statistically significant in the two regions of Hamadan and Boroujerd. A high percentage of cysts in both regions were infected bacteriologically

[Survey spread of positive lepotospirosis by Elisa in Guilan province]

Introduction: Leptospirosis is most widespread zoonosis in the world and is prevalent in tropical and temperate regions. Diagnosis of leptospirosis by clinical symptoms is difficult due to lack of specified pathogenic signs and similarity of its clinical symptoms to some bacterial and viral febrile disease, so laboratory plays an important role and ELISA is a common serological method. Animal leptospirosis is common in regions of Iran where traditional and unmechanized husbandry are used. But human leptospirosis is only prevalent in Guilan and Mazandaran and is endemic in Guilan. Factors such as climate conditions, wild animals, rice plantations, environmental water and finally keeping pets by traditional ways all contribute to this disease in Guilan

Objective: This study was done to determine the epidemiological characteristics of leptospirosis in Guilan

Materials and Methods: The sample of this study consisted of all suspected persons who referred to general hospitals of Guilan province. Blood samples were taken from these patients. All blood samples were examined by a commercial ELISA kit to detect positive cases and determine epidemiological features of this disease in this province

Results: Findings show that most of positive cases belong to males [62.37%] than females [27.23%], and in farmers [86%] and in warm months [90% from first of Khordad to end of Sharivar], and its frequency in middle age [20 - 50 year olds] was almost 65%

Conclusion: The geographical spread of the disease was more in big cities of Guilan province where more villages had and were crowded as well. This study showed that most cases of disease was detected in people who are somehow involved in farming