[ effects of cosmetic surgery on patients' self-esteem and negative image of themselves]

The present study aimed to examine the effect of cosmetic surgery on self-esteem and body image of those who have undergone rhinoplasty. In a quasi-experimental design, and using convenience sampling, 45 participants were selected from the waiting lists of rhinoplasty cosmetic surgery, general operation, and from those who were not waiting for any type of operation. The participants were allocated to two experimental groups of nasoplasty and general operation, and to one control group. The indices of self-esteem and negative image of themselves are measured at three stages; before the operation, and in one week and two months follow-up. Self-esteem and body image data for pre-operation, one week after operation, and two months follow-up are subjected to descriptive statistics and repeated measures ANOVA. There were significant differences among the three stages of measurements in self-esteem and negative image of themselves only for the cosmetic surgery group. In addition, there were significant differences in the body image of the Rhinoplaty group at three stages of measurement. Cosmetic surgery can cause mental changes such as feelings of competence and self-esteem and improves negative image

[Survey of relation of maternal age, job, smoking and use of folic acid and other drugs with neural tube defects]

Neural Tube Defects [N.T.Ds] are the most common anomalies of the central nervous system which cause due to the defect of the closing of neural tube during the third and forth week of intra uterine life. It is estimated that 300/000 children born with these anomalies each year. Recent studies show the role of both environmental and genetic factors in the occurrence of N.T.Ds. Evaluation of relation between maternal age, job, smoking, use of folic acid and other drugs during pregnancy and N.T.Ds. In a case-control and retrospective study, we studied the data from 51 N.T.Ds infant and the same number of normal babies. Chi- square test was used for statistical analysis and P< 0.05 was significant. There was significant relation between maternal smoking, agricultural and animal husbandry job and not use of folic acid with occurrence of N.T.Ds. neural Tube Defects can cause by smoking of mother, her agricultural and animal husbandry activities and not using of folic acid tablet during pregnancy. Most of these children were born from mothers less than 35 years old