[Outcome of nonspecific abdominal pain in the discharged patients from the emergency department]

The causes of non traumatic abdominal pain are varied from mild to severe onset. This study was carried out to assess the outcome of the patients with non-specific abdominal pain discharged from the emergency department. This cohort study was carried out on 247 patients [68.4% female, 31.6% male] with non-specific abdominal pain which referred to the emergency department of Imam Hossain hospital in Tehran, Iran during 2010-11. The existence or improvement of pain, readmission to hospital and possible subsequent complications diagnose and death was recorded after four-week through telephone follow-up. 247 patients with non-specific abdominal pain were enrolled. Out of 158 patients with recurrence pain, 71 [45%] patients were admitted to the hospital again that finally, cause of pain was diagnosed in 45 [28.5%] patients. The most common cause of abdominal pain was irritable bowel syndrome [3.2%]. History of similar pain [OR=4.04, P<0.05], abnormal findings in abdominal ultrasonography [OR=8.2, P<0.05], abnormal urine analysis [OR=7.4, P<0.05] and abdominal pain persisted for more than 2 days [OR=4.04, P<0.05] were independent factors to identifying the causes of abdominal pain. Nonspecific abdominal pain will not lead to appropriate recognition and most of them recover without any complication

[Evaluation of parameter related to preventative measures on the child injuries at home]

The harms resulted from home injuries are a major factor in child mortality. The current study aims to evaluate the factors associated with the knowledge and performance level of mothers in terms of adopting preventive behaviors to avoid home injuries. The target population of this descriptive - analytical study is all mothers of preschool children suffering from home injuries referring to Imam Hossein and Haft-E-Tir hospitals. Mothers' data were collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire. After dividing the knowledge level and the status of mothers' preventive behaviors into two groups, the relationship between factors was assessed by using Chi-square and multivariate logistic regression and the status of mothers preventive behaviors were studied as well. Finally, 230 mothers [mean age 5.2 +/- 29.4] were studied. 75.0 of them had good awareness, and 56.0% also had a good performance. Mother's absence for at least 8 hours per day [0.12 = OR], increase of the number of preschool children [0.03 = OR] and employed mother [0.01 = OR] are the things that hinder preventive behaviors in home injuries.While the history of home injuries during the past 3 weeks [13.3 = OR], mother's appropriate awareness of preventive behaviors [28.9 = OR] and high-income families [2.4 = OR] lead to the adoption of preventive behaviors by mothers. Awareness is the only modifiable factor and it can be improved by educational interventions. Support of assistance and social welfare agencies for employed mothers can improve the current status of preventive behaviors in home injuries.

Selection of the most appropriate medium for assessing motility and DNA uptake of bovine spermatozoa

The aim of this study was to select the best medium to maintain sperm motility during sperm-DNA incubation and assess the DNA uptake by spermatozoa of Iranian Holstein bulls and its effects on sperm motility. Frozen sperms from an Iranian Holstein bull were thawed and centrifuged. Motile sperms were separated through Puresperm gradient [40/80%] followed by two times washing in SP-TALP medium. Then, sperms were washed once [PBS, Opti-MEM and SP-TALP] and incubated with DNA in each media followed by sperm motility estimation. The plasmid pEGFP-C1 was linearized and incubated with sperms at 37°C for 1 hour. Sperm-DNA mixture was treated with DNase I and the sperm pellet was washed with PBS. DNA extraction from sperms and supernatants from the last washing were used as template for PCR. Data was analyzed using SAS package and mean comparisons between sperm motility in different media were performed. Sperm motility after incubation in PBS, Opti-MEM and SP-TALP were 40[ +/- 2.89], 2[ +/- 1.53] and 54[ +/- 4.41] percent, respectively. PCR results from transfected sperms indicated that EGFP transgene internalized into the bovine sperms and DNaseI treatment could not eliminate it. In conclusion the best medium for sperm and DNA incubation was SPTALP. The DNA not only could attach to the post acrosomal region of spermatozoa but also could integrate into it. So bovine spermatozoa can be used as transgene carrier into oocyte