Antibiotic resistance of isolated bacteria from urban and hospital wastewaters in Hamadan City

Widely use of antibiotics as therapy and uncontrolled discharge of them to receiving waters increased the percentages of antibiotic resistant bacteria in various environments which may cause problems in therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the antibiotic resistance of E. coli, K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa bacteria isolated from urban and hospital wastewaters. Nine antibiotics namely Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazol, Gentamycin, Ceftizoxime, Nalidixic Acid, Ceftazidime, Ceftriaxon and Cefalexin were investigated in this study. Through a cross-sectional descriptive study the isolation of bacteria from hospital and urban wastewater samples was performed by microbiological identification techniques. The resistance to nine antibiotics was tested by application of the standard disc diffusion technique and zone-size interpretation chart of Kirby-Baeur. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used to assessing two environments differences. The resistance percentage of E. coli to studied antibiotics was significantly less [ranged from 1.81 to 51.02%] than the resistance percentage of R aeroginosa [ranged from 3.57 to 61.76] and K. pneumoniae [ranged from 6.45 to 91.83%]. the highest resistance to antibiotics studied was for K. pneumonia in comparison with others. E. coli, K. pneumonia and P. aeroginosa bacteria showed the highest resistance to CAZ, SXT and CN, respectively. The study showed the resistance rate in hospital wastewater is more than urban wastewater. Easy access and uncontrolled usage of antibiotics cause discharge of antibiotics to wastewaters and consequently diminish the drugs' effectiveness. High concentration of antibiotic and diversity in wastewater of hospital in comparison with urban wastewater causes to transfer resistant agents between bacteria and increased the multiple resistances

[Performance of simple nano zeolite Y and modified nano zeolite Y in phosphor removal from aqueous solutions]

Phosphate discharges from domestic and industrial waste water to water bodies. High concentrations of phosphate in water stimulate the eutrophication phenomenon that causes taste and odor in water, losing dissolved oxygen and aquatic life in rivers or surface waters. Aim of this study is survey of phosphate adsorption on simple nano zeolite Y and nano zeolite Y that was modified with a cationic surfactant [HDTMA-Br]. In This study we used simple nano zeolite Y and nano zeolite Y in form of Surfactant Modified Zeolites [SMZs] using batch tests to adsorption of Phosphate from Aqueous Solutions. The adsorbants were contacted with different initial phosphor concentrations [5, 10 and 15 mg/l], pH [4, 7, 12], contact time [30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes] and weight of adsorbant [0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1g]. the extracted solution was determined for Phosphate concentration by the ammonium molybdate and tin chloride method with spectrophotometric detection at 680 nm. Results of this study show that, with increase in contact time, decrease in pH, increase in zeolites concentration and decrease in initial phosphate concentration, the removal efficiency increased. And the Both isotherm of Langmuir and Freundlich models [r[2]>0.997 and r[2]>0.996 respectively] were agreement with adsorption equilibrium of phosphate. Reduced Chi-Sqr For Langmuir and Freundlich models were [0.00079] and [0.0011] respectively. Pseudo first-order kinetic models fits well with experimental data [r[2]>0.963]. From this survey, it is concluded that performance of modified nano zeolite Y for adsorption of phosphate in same conditions is better than non-modified zeolite Y. In general the modified nano zeolite Y presented a good profile for removal of phosphate. Therefore SMZs is a suitable candidate for removal of Phosphate molecules from contaminated solutions in contaminated waters

Biosorption of iron from aqueous solution by dried biomass of activated sludge

This study was conducted to investigate the removal of iron by dried biomass of activated sludge. Dried activated sludge, prepared as a powder, was tested as a sorbent for the removal of iron from aqueous solutions. The effects of various experimental parameters including initial iron concentration, mass of biomass and contact time were examined and optimal experimental conditions were obtained. The equilibrium time for iron adsorption onto biomass was determined as 150 min. The rate of iron removal was directly correlated to biomass amount and contact time. Increasing contact time from 0.5h to 2.5h resulted in 25% improvement in iron removal efficiency. When the weight of the biomass increased from 0.1g to 0.9 g, the iron removal efficiency increased from 62% to 95%. High initial iron concentration had an adverse effect on iron removal efficiency. Increasing initial iron concentration from 2 to 10 [mg/L] caused declining the iron removal efficiency from 70% to 56%. Freundlich, Langmuir, Dubinin-Radushkevich and Temkin isotherm models could describe the adsorption equilibrium of the iron onto the activated sludge. Meanwhile, Freundlich isotherm represented a better correlation compared to other isotherms [R2 > 0.999]. Also Elovich kinetic models fits well with experimental data [R2>0.997]

Two-parameter isotherms of methyl orange sorption by pinecone derived activated carbon

The adsorption of a mono azo dye methyl-orange [MeO] onto granular pinecone derived activated carbon [GPAC], from aqueous solutions, was studied in a batch system. Seven two-parameter isotherm models Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevic, Temkin, Halsey, Jovanovic and Hurkins-Jura were used to fit the experimental data. The results revealed that the adsorption isotherm models fitted the data in the order of Jovanovic [X[2]=1.374] > Langmuir > Dubinin-Radushkevic > Temkin > Freundlich > Halsey > Hurkins-Jura isotherms. Adsorption isotherms modeling showed that the interaction of dye with activated carbon surface is localized monolayer adsorption. A comparison of kinetic models was evaluated for the pseudo-second order, Elovich and Lagergren kinetic models. Lagergren first order model was found to agree well with the experimental data [X[2]=9.231]. In order to determine the best-fit isotherm and kinetic models, two error analysis methods of Residual Mean Square Error and Chi-square statistic [X[2]] were used to evaluate the data

relationship between helicobacter pylon infection and childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, a disorder characterized by autoantibody mediated platelets destruction causing decreased number of circulating platelets manifest as bleeding tendency. Since the discovery of Helicobacter pylon [H. pylon] several studies have been published concerning a hypothetical role of this bacteria in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Evaluate the pathogenic correlation between H. pylori infection and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. A cross sectional study was done on 30 cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura admitted to the Pediatric Hemato-Oncology unit in ALKadhimiyia Teaching Hospital and 20 cases of sex and age matched healthy children asa control io determine the relation between H. pylon infection and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. The peak age for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura was between [6-10 years] of age, [43.33%]. Male: female ratio equal to 2:1. ELIZA test was used to measure the serum IgG antibody titer against H. pylon, 5 cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura was found to be positive for H.pylori [16.67%]while the test was negative in all of the control group [100%] a result which is statistically highly significant, p - value < 0. 05. Of the positive cases 3 [60%] was chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and two cases [40%] was acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Patients with positive test were older than those with negative test. The mean platelet count was less in the positive than those with negative test. A weak inverse correlation was found between platelet count and H. pylori serum antibody titer [r- value equal to -0.13437]. The test was sensitive in [20%] and speicific in [100%] of cases H. pylori infection may play a role in the initiation of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and eradication of H. pylori infection can cure idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura specially in chronic and resistant cases. The ELIZA test can be used as a screening test to detect H.pylori infection in children with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

Microvessel density in ductal carcinoma of breastand comparison with normal breast tissue

Carcinoma of the breast is the most common malignancy in adult women, and attention to it often overshadows that given other breast lesions. Angiogenesis is essential for breast cancer progression and high microvessel density [MVD] within a primary tumor has been associated with stronger likelihood of nodal metastasis and poor prognosis. In this study 50 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast were selected that had been diagnosed and archived in the Pathology Department of Mashhad Ghaem Hospital. Paraffin blocks, were cut and stained for CD34 immunohistochemical marker. Immunohistochemical slides were evaluated for microvascular density in hot spot within the tumoral and normal paratumoral tissue. Correlation between MVD with other parameters such as, age, histologic grade, lymph node involvement and tumoral sizes analyzed by parametric and nonparametric statistical evidence. MVD in normal tissue was adjusted to the tumor, and the ductal carcinoma had significant difference [12.42 +/- 2.5 and 46.76 +/- 23.4 respectivly]. MVD had relative correlation with increased histologic grade [42.3 +/- 25.1 for grade I and 63.75 +/- 36.5 for grade III]. Results of this study shows markedly differences between MVD in normal and tumoral breast tissue, also increase of histological grade have correlation with MVD increment

Branch retinal artery occlusion following embolization of a maxillary sinus tumor

Retinal vascular complications following embolisation of carotid artery branches have been occasionally reported. Since the result can be catastrophic and is often irreversible, all efforts to prevent this complication should be considered prior to the intervention. We report the occurrence of a branch retinal artery occlusion following embolization of a maxillary sinus tumor. Cerebral angiography pre- and post-embolization; pathology results from the excised tumor; fundoscopic, visual field, and fluorescein angiographic findings are reported. A combination of risk stratification and preoperative evaluation methods which might help in prevention of this serious complication are discussed

Effect of feeding heat-treated full-fat soybeans on carp performance

In 8 weeks feeding experiment, carp fingerlings fed raw soybean, heat treated full fat soybean [FFSB] dry heat or autoclaving and soybean meal in fish diets to investigate their effect on growth performance [weight gain, growth rate, protein efficiency ratio], mortality rate and whole body composition also for histological changes in liver and first part of intestine. Fish fed the control diet that contained SBM showed the best results regarding the growth parameters, no mortality or histological changes. Fish fed raw FFSB showed low performance, high mortality rate [46.4%] and drastic pathological changes than groups fed on heat treated FFSB. It can be concluded that a more efficient method of heat treatment of FFSB when incorporated in carp diets was autoclaving for long period as it achieved better performance and lower mortality, however the soybean meal was the best

Practical diets based on modified broiler starting ration for juvenile tilapia nilotica

Effects of substitution of fish meal by processed chicken feather meal in diets based on broiler starting ration at two environmental temperatures for juvenile Tilapia nilotica were investigated. Juvenile Tilapia nilotica [ca. 4 g body weight] were kept for 3- weeks adaptation period, after which they were cultured at the rate of 14, 12, 14, and 11 fishes in aquaria I, II, III and IV, respectively. The prepared diets were fed at a rate of 3% of the fish biomass and offered twice daily throughout an experimental period of 12 weeks. The highest average final fish weight was recorded in fishes of aquarium I [12.14 g] followed by those in aquarium IV [10.57 g], aquarium II [6.9 g] and finally aquarium III [6.8 g]. The food conversion ratio amounted to 1.8, 4.98, 5.05 and 2.6 for fishes in aquaria I, II, III and IV, respectively. Values of protein efficiency ratio were 1.77, 0.66, 0.67 and 1.13 for the respective aquaria. Proximate chemical analysis of fishes was not consistent and did not reveal appreciable differences between aquaria