ABSTRACT
Regarding to the escalating costs of health care and limited resources in this field, the appropriate identification and control of costs is inevitable. This Study aimed to determine the unit cost of radiology services, in selected hospitals of TUMS. This was a descriptive retrospective study. At first, we selected two hospitals [Shariati and Sina] out of general - teaching hospitals of TUMS randomly. After gathering data, using activity based costing method, the unit costs of radiography services in these centers in 1389 fiscal year [2010-2011] were calculated. The unit costs of radiography services in Shariati and Sina hospitals were 251255,5 and 334996,2 respectively. Building rent and human resources costs included the most share of total costs. The unit cost of radiography services in this study is very different comparing with other studies. Calculated building rent costs in this study could be one of the possible reasons of this difference [other studies did not consider this costs]. The other point is that, regarding the high share of human resources and building costs from total costs, special attention to these sources of costs and appropriate and adequate use of them, can be an important step toward improving the efficiency and cost savings in our national health system
ABSTRACT
Echium amoenum and Citrus aurantifolia are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmia and regulation of blood pressure. In this study the effects of co-administration of these herbs on heart rate and blood pressure of rats before and after phynelephrine injection were investigated. Ten groups of rats respectively received 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg Echium Amoenum, 250 mg/kg Citrus Aurantiflia and combination of 250 mg/kg Citrus Aurantiflia with 100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg Echium Amoenum for 6 days. Control group received water. Blood pressure and heart rate before and after phynelephrine injection were measured and compared among groups. Echium amotnum at 400 and 600 mg/kg dozes significantly increased blood pressure of rats in comparison to the control group [P<0.05] and this effect was more significant after phynelephrine injection [P<0.05]. Echium amoenum in combination whit citrus aurantiflia decreased heart rate after phynelephrine injection and also in comparison to the control group. This decreasing effect was more than the effect of 6.688 mg/kg phynelephrine [P<0.05]. Since Echium amoentum has an increasing effect on blood pressure especially in higher blood pressures, it is not suggested for those with hypertension. Co-administration of Echium amoentum and Citrus aurantiflia is recommended for decreasing heart rate
ABSTRACT
Background and aims: In spite of the importance of breast feeding, as an exclusive manner, continuing the breast feeding is ignored frequently. So identifying the factors related to non tendency for breast feeding could be effective in planning for progress of breast feeding. This study was performed to determine the causes of formula milk consumption in infants in Charmahal va Bakhtiari province
Methods: In a descriptive-analytical study, 411 under one year old infants in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari, Iran were selected through cluster randomized sampling. In this study a self making questionnaire was used which was consisted of some demographic information about mother and infant, diseases related to breast feeding and evaluating some factors related to tendency for using formula milk. This study conducted in 2007. The data were analyzed using chi-square and t-test
Results: In this study, %51.6 of mothers were from rural areas and most of them [%59.7] were between 20-30 years of age. Generally about %76.1 of infants were using formula milk after 6 months. Our Results showed that most of the mothers and infants did not demonstrate any disease related to breast feeding. There was a significant difference between rural and urban infants, educational level of mother, age, and the kind of feeding [P<0.05]. Inadequacy of mother milk was the most [%43.1] important reason of using formula milk
Conclusion: This study showed the limited knowledge of the mothers and health care personnel about the breast feeding and it is needed to continue educating the mothers during their pregnancy period and afterward
ABSTRACT
Many reports have shown the various effects of grape [Vitis vinifera L.] seed extract for example antioxidant, protecting RBC against UV, also hypotensive, hypolipidemic and vasodilatory effects. We have recently shown the relaxatory effect of grape leaf extract on rat ileum and uterus and frog isolated heart rate and contractility. The aim of present study was to investigate the relaxant effect of Vitis vinifera leaf hydroalcoholic extract [VLHE] on isolated rat thoracic aorta contractions induced by phenylephrine and KCl, and the role of aorta endothelium on this action. Rat aorta was removed and placed in an organ bath containing Krebs-Henseleit solution and aorta contractions were recorded isometrically. The results demonstrate that the VLHE at 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/ml reduces the endothelial intact aorta contracted by phenylephrine [1 [micro]M] significantly and dose-dependently. Endothelial denuded aorta showed the same relaxation but in much less extent. The IC50 of these two groups were 0.454+/-0.08 and 1.73+/-0.23 mg/ml respectively. VLHE also reduced the aorta contractions induced by KCl [80mM]. The relaxatory effect of VHLE on KCl -induced contractions were less than those evoked by phenylephrine. Soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor [methylene blue, 10 [micro]M] and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor [L-NAME, 100[micro]M] reduced the VHLE-induced relaxation in the intact aorta significantly but, atropine [1[micro]M] was unable to decrease this vasorelaxant effect. These results suggest that the most vasorelaxant effect of VHLE on rat aorta is endothelium-dependent and also nitric oxide [NO] and cGMP are involved in this action