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Background@#The clinical use of sildenafil citrate (Viagra), a drug used to treat erectile dysfunction, is limited because of its many side effects on tissues. In this context, we aimed to investigate the protective effects of hesperidin, a citrus flavonoid, on hepatic and testicular damage induced by a high dose of sildenafil citrate in male rats. Rats were randomly divided into four groups. The first group was used as the control group. The second group was orally administered sildenafil citrate at a high dose of 75 mg/kg thrice a week. In the third group, hesperidin was administered orally at a dose of 50 mg/kg/day. The fourth group was administered 75 mg/kg sildenafil citrate three times a week with 50 mg/kg hesperidin daily. The experiment lasted for 28 days. @*Results@#In the sildenafil-treated groups, blood indices were altered, liver function tests were deranged, and serum testosterone levels were reduced. In the liver and testicular tissue, sildenafil citrate treatment resulted in significant reductions in catalase and total antioxidant capacity; as well as increased malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species, and nitrous oxide levels. In addition, sildenafil citrate treatment caused abnormal histopathological patterns in both the liver and the testes. Liver vascular endothelial growth factor and testicular steroidogenic acute regulatory protein gene expression were upregulated. @*Conclusions@#Hesperidin attenuated the harmful effects of intensive sildenafil citrate treatment on liver and testicular functions, alleviated oxidative stress and normalized blood indices. Therefore, hesperidin could be protective against sildenafil citrate-induced oxidative damage that may develop over the long term.
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Background: Healthcare professionals are expected to have adequate knowledge of basic and advanced cardiac life support to revive unresponsive patients. Little is known about that in health care professionals in Saudi Arabia.Methods: we conducted this study in the joint program of family medicine to evaluate knowledge of physicians about basic life support, and to identify factors associated with the differences in their knowledge. Through a cross-sectional analytic study, all physicians in the Joint Program of Family Medicine in Jeddah were included in the study. For collection of data, a validated self-administered questionnaire was used.Results: Out of responding physicians (n=150), females constituted 117 (78%), their mean age accounted for 27.3±2.2 years. all physicians (99.3%) reported that they had attended BLS courses before. Out of a maximum of “13”, the mean score of correct answers accounted for 6.2±1.6, only 18.7% of the physicians achieved above average scores. Only qualification had statistically significant impact on the level of knowledge, the average score percentage was higher among those who have MBBS qualification only compared to their colleagues who have postgraduate degrees (48.3%±11.57% vs 39.2%±13.78%) p<0.05.Conclusions: Physicians in the Joint Program of Family Medicine have deficient level of knowledge about BLS, despite of their previous BLS training. Frequent training is strongly recommended to sustain adequate level of knowledge about BLS.
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Traditional methods for soil remediation are often expensive and energy consuming and this has given rise to a new and ecologically safer method known as mycoremediation. A field experiment was carried out at the University of Ilorin Dam site to isolate and identify fungi present in organic amended plots which are capable of remediating heavy metal polluted soil of Asa River. Randomized Complete Block design in split plot arrangement was adopted using two treatments: Poultry Dropping (PD) and Abattoir Effluent (AE) at five levels i.e control, 1.3 t/ha, 2.6 t/ha, 1.3t/ha+NPK120KgN, 2.6t/ha+NPK120KgN for abattoir effluent, and poultry droppings at control, 10t/ha, 15t/ha, 10t/ha+NPK120KgN and 15t/ha+NPK120KgN having three (3) replicates. Soil samples collected before and after planting were analysed for heavy metals (Mn, Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, Cr, Cd) using Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometer. Result obtained showed thatorganic waste are effective in bioremediation of Asa River sediment with abattoir effluent having a reduction of 99.04% and poultry dropping 98.72% of heavy metal concentration in the soil which varied in the order of: Mn>Fe>Pb>Zn>Cu>Co>Ni>Cr>Cd. Result obtained also showed that eleven metal resistant Fungi were identified from abattoir effluent and poultry dropping amended plots i.e Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride,Fusarium solani, Penicillium notatum, Aspergillus flavus, Trichoderma harzianum, Trichophyton verrusocum, Fusarium oxysporum, Stachybotrys chartarum, Aspergillus ustus andMicrosporum nanum. Aspergillus niger was observedtohave the highest population (19% in poultry droppings and 19.6% in abattoir effluent).
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Objective To investigate molecular and serological prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) in pregnant women and sheep in Egypt. Methods Blood samples collected from healthy 364 pregnant women and 170 sheep were investigated for T. gondii antibodies and parasitemia using highly specific and sensitive surface antigen (TgSAG2) based enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results Overall prevalence of T. gondii was 51.76%, 17.65% in sheep, 33.79%, 11.81% in pregnant women, using ELISA and RT-PCR respectively. Significant differences in T. gondii prevalence were observed on the basis of contact with cats or soil in pregnant women using either RT-PCR or ELISA. In pregnant women, a significant increase was detected in aged and those eating under-cooked mutton using simultaneous ELISA/RT-PCR. Conclusions Consumption of under-cooked infected mutton is an important source of human infection and the combination of the two assays provide accurate and precise data during infection.
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OBJECTIVE@#To investigate molecular and serological prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) in pregnant women and sheep in Egypt.@*METHODS@#Blood samples collected from healthy 364 pregnant women and 170 sheep were investigated for T. gondii antibodies and parasitemia using highly specific and sensitive surface antigen (TgSAG2) based enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).@*RESULTS@#Overall prevalence of T. gondii was 51.76%, 17.65% in sheep, 33.79%, 11.81% in pregnant women, using ELISA and RT-PCR respectively. Significant differences in T. gondii prevalence were observed on the basis of contact with cats or soil in pregnant women using either RT-PCR or ELISA. In pregnant women, a significant increase was detected in aged and those eating under-cooked mutton using simultaneous ELISA/RT-PCR.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Consumption of under-cooked infected mutton is an important source of human infection and the combination of the two assays provide accurate and precise data during infection.
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Objective: To compare the influence of two intravenous fluids on blood pressure and heart rate modifications after subarachnoid block anesthesia in inguinal hernia repair
Methods: The study included 100 patients, of both sexes, aged 32-64 years, classed I-II by the American society of anesthesiologists and scheduled for elective inguinal hernia repair at Prince Rashid hospital, Irbid, Jordan ,during the period April 2014-April 2015.Participants were divided in a random manner into two groups. Group I [n=50], patients received Ringers lactate solution [500 ml] .Group II [n=50], patients received Voluven [500 ml] as preloading before subarachnoid block anesthesia. Requirement of ephedrine was compared between the groups. Blood pressure and heart rate were compared between the groups
Results: There was no discrepancy in the basic blood pressure and heart rate recordings between the groups. The frequency of hypotension and needed ephedrine was less in Voluven group [P<0.05] [stastically significant] than in Ringers lactate group
Conclusion: Preloading with Voluven is more efficient than Ringers lactate solution in avoiding hypotension following subarachnoid block anesthesia
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Introduction: Liver fibrosis represent a worldwide challenge of clinical importance, results from chronic damage of liver, and evidenced by build up of excessive extracellular matrix proteins.. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antifibrogenic effect of grape seed extract [GSE] against hepatic fibrosis induced by CCl4 in mice
Experimental Design: forty adult male albino mice were divided into four equal groups; first [control] in which mice were injected IP with olive oil as vehicle. In the second group [GSE] mice were received GSE orally at a dose of 200mg/kg/day for 8 weeks while in the third group [CCl4] mice were injected IP with CCl4 [0.4ml/kg / twice weekly] for 8 weeks . In the fourth [GSE+ CCl4] group mice were injected IP with CCl4 and co-treated with GSE orally as in previous treated-groups. At the end of the experiment, animals were sacrificed and blood samples and liver tissue specimens were collected
Results: the examined liver of CCl4-intoxicated group revealed marked hepatic fibrotic lesions confirmed by Masson's trichrome stain and associated with the presence of intensely stained alpha -SMA-positive hepatic stellate cells [HSCs] in entire of the hepatic lobules and in the vicinity of bridging fibrotic septa. Hepatic degeneration and necrosis were also seen. This hepatic damage was associated with significant increases in AST and ALT activities with low albumin levels and hypoproteinemia. Co-administration of GSE with CCl4 improved the microscopic picture of liver where scanty fibrotic lesions and mild degeneration of some hepatic cells were recorded. Less intensely stained alpha -SMA-immunopositive cells were observed. Serum AST, ALT, albumin and total protein values were more or less within the ranges of these parameters in the control non-intoxicated group
Conclusion: GSE has potent antifibrogenic effect on CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis by inhibiting HSCs activation, decreasing collagen synthesis and improving hepatic regenerative capability through its powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties
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Behcet's disease is a rare multisystem disease; it has many ocular features, and it is not known to be associated with dystrophic conditions such as retinitis pigmentosa [RP]. This is a case report of a Sudanese patient with Behcet's disease with ocular features and RP. A 28-year-old female with nyctalopia, skin hyper-pigmentation, and oral and genital ulcers was diagnosed as RP with Behcet's disease. She received a high dose of steroids and Azathioprine. She developed bilateral cataract and glaucoma. Pathergy test is negative. The patient is fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of both RP and Behcet's diseases. Behcet's disease is a rare condition; it is not common among Sudanese patients, and it has not been known to co-exist with RP
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This study aimed to evaluate the association of plasma MIF level and -173 G/C single nucleotide polymorphism of the MIF gene with the occurrence, severity and mortality of sepsis patients. A study was conducted in adult surgical intensive care units of Zagazig University Hospitals, Egypt on 25 patients with sepsis, 27 with severe sepsis and 28 controls. Gram-negative bacilli were the most common isolates in both severe sepsis [63.0%] and sepsis [56.0%] patients. A highly statistically significant difference was found in MIF levels between sepsis cases and controls and a statistically significant difference as regards MIF level in different genotypes of the studied groups. MIF level was significantly associated with mortality in sepsis cases. High MIF levels and MIF -173G/C gene polymorphism are powerful predictors of the severity of sepsis and its outcome
Subject(s)
Humans , Polymorphism, Genetic , Macrophages , Intensive Care Units , Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory FactorsABSTRACT
Osteoporosis [OP] is a disease characterized by disruption of trabecular bone structure and loss of its minerals, which increase the risk of fracture. Estrogen deficiency is a critical factor that leads to many problems in women. The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of pomegranate juice and bisphosphonate [risedronate sodium] alone or in combination on ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in rats. A total of 126 adult female rats were subjected to abdominal operation under a sterile condition. 54 rats were divided into three groups [18 rats each]: Gp. [l] served as control [sham], Gp. [2] received pomegranate [sham+p], Gp. [3] received risedronate sodium [sham+R]. The remained 72 rats were subjected to ovarictomy and then divided into equal 4 groups [4-7]. Gp [4] remained ovarictomized and served as positive group [OVX], Gp. [5] received-pomegranate [OVX+P], Gp. [6] received risedronate sodium [OVX+R] and Gp. [7]: received pomegranate and risedronate sodium [OVX+P+R]. All treatments were started at the 1[st] day of operation and the experiment lasted for 8 weeks, Estradiol, progesterone, parathyroid and calcitonin hormones were assayed as well as serum alkaline phosphtase, ingornic phosphorus and T.calcium. Bone mineral density BMD and bone density [BD] were also recorded: The results revealed that pomegranate juice play a very important role in preventing all the problems accompanied ovariectomy due to its rich content of polyphenols and estrogens like effect
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Mucopolysaccharidoses [MPS] are autosomal recessive disorders characterized by deficiency of lysosomal enzymes which break down the glycosaminoglycans [GAGs] which results in widespread intra and extra-cellular accumulations of GAGs. Early initiation of treatment, before the onset of irreversible tissue damage, clearly provides a favorable disease outcome. Early detection might be afforded by analysis of amniotic fluid. To report our experience of prenatal diagnosis of MPS over 14-year period for cases referred from medical centers throughout Egypt. Also to report the benefit of prenatal genetic testing in cases accompanied with genetic disorders. The present study included 33 pregnant women at risk of having a fetus with MPS. Of these cases, 3 women had more than one pregnancy evaluated. All cases had a detailed genetic ultrasound examination and a maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein [MSAFP] evaluation during the second trimester of pregnancy. Thirty-eight amniocentesis procedures were performed during the study for 2 dimensional electrophoresis [2-DEP] of GAGs. Positive consanguinity was present in near 70% [23/33] of the couples. Detailed genetic ultrasound examination revealed a case with anencephaly and another one with a twin pregnancy One case had a MSAFP of 3.6 multiple of the normal median [open neural tube defect]. Another 2 cases had a risk of having Down syndrome. Results of the 2-DEP of GAGs in amniotic fluid revealed 36.8% [14/33] affected fetuses. During the final counseling setting of the 14 cases with abnormal results, 43% [6/14] elected to continue their pregnancy while 57% [8/14] elected termination. Early prenatal screening and diagnosis, through a systematic multidisciplinary approach, to all cases of mucopolysaccharidoses are recommended, to improve the quality of life and to avoid the presence of other associated fetal developmental malformations
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Background: Aplastic anemia [AA] is a disorder characterized by pancytopenia and injury or loss of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells in the absence of infiltrative disease of the bone marrow. Hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia [HAAA] is a variant of AA
Aim of the study: To investigate the possible etiology responsible for the development of HAAA
Patients and methods: 42 patients were admitted to Assiut university hospital diagnosed as having AA. Data from history, physical examination and laboratory investigations, including complete blood count [CBC], viral serology and liver function tests were collected and statistically analyzed
Results: Patients were divided into group A [HAAA, 9 patients] 7 of them had hepatitis C virus, one with hepatitis A virus and one with cvtomegalovirus and group B [non-HAAA, 33 patients]. There was no significant difference as regard to CBC between HAAA patients and non-HAAA patients. There were significant negative correlations between alanine transaminase [ALT] and CBC findings in patients with HAAA
Conclusion: HAAA is caused by variable hepatotropic and non-hepatotropic viruses. The pathogenesis of hepatitis associated aplastic anemia HAAA may be attributed to liver cell injury, disturbed liver functions and its effects on hematopoiesis
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Hepatitis , Liver Diseases , Hepacivirus , Hepatitis A virus , Cytomegalovirus , LiverABSTRACT
Perfusion Index is a non-invasive numerical value of peripheral perfusion [PI] obtained from pulse oximetery. Prognostic value of perfusion index and its relation to serum lactate and brain natriuretic peptide [BNP] changes has not been investigated in poly-traumatized patients. Fifty poly-traumatized adult patients with hemorrhagic shock without head injury were studied in a prospective observational study, perfusion index changes in relation to serum lactate, lactate clearance and Brain Natriuretic Peptide in survivors and non survivors and their predictability of mortality was evaluated. Full resuscitation according to the advanced trauma life support guidelines [ATLS] was carried out and the morbidity and mortality were followed up for 48 hours. Perfusion index was included as a target for peripheral perfusion and we compared its sensitivity and specificity with serum lactate and BNP for prediction of mortality. Statistical analysis was done using pearson's correlation and receiver operating curve [ROC]. Perfusion index showed a significant difference between survivors and non survivors after the first 6 hours post resuscitation [p < 0.001], ROC analysis showed that perfusion index /= 2.25 mmol/L provided the optimal cutoff point for predicting mortality with AUC was 0.57, sensitivity 79% and specificity 69%. Lactate clearance showed a significant difference between survivors and non survivors [p < 0.001], ROC curve analysis showed that lactate clearance < 3.0 mmol/L/24 hours provided the optimal cutoff point for predicting mortality with AUC was 0.97, sensitivity 97% and specificity 86%. Brain natriuretic peptide level at 48 hours [BNP-48] was significantly higher in non survivors than in survivors [p < 0.001]. ROC analysis showed that BNP-48 >/= 95.0 pg/ml provided the optimal cutoff point for predicting mortality with AUC was less than 0.5, sensitivity 61% and specificity 32%. Perfusion index is a good prognostic factor of mortality and lactate clearance seems the most accurate predictor of mortality as well. Serum lactate is the least accurate predictor of mortality followed by brain natriuretic peptide
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In 1997, J. R. I. Wood identified Salix sp. collected from the stream, located at the southwest part of Jabal An-Nabi Shu'ayb, as Salix mucronata Thunb. In this paper, the identity of the only Salix sp. founded in Jabal An-Nabi Shu'ayb is Salix excelsa Gmel, which is elucidated by providing photos and morphological description. Specimens collected from the same locality were compared with the description of S. mucronata cited in Flora Capensis, Flora of Arabian Peninsula and Socotra and Flora of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. It is clarified that a misidentification was made by J. R. I. Wood. Thus the correct name for Salix species, found in the flora of Jabal An-Nabi Shu'ayb as described, is Salix excelsa Gmel. But not S. mucronata Thunb. as cited by J. R. I. Wood 1997.
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Children with hemophilia are at risk for reduced bone mineral density [BMD], muscle strength and functional ability as a result of reduced leisure-time activity and less involvement in intense activities. So, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance and aerobic exercise program on BMD, muscle strength and functional ability in children with hemophilia. Thirty boys with hemophilia A ranging in age from 10 to 14 years had participated in this study. They were assigned randomly into two equal groups [control and study groups]. Control group received a designed physical therapy program and aerobic exercise in the form of treadmill training, while the study group received the same program as the control group in addition to resistance training program in the form of bicycle ergometer training and weight resistance. Both groups received treatment sessions three times per week for three successive months. BMD, muscle strength of knee flexors and extensors and functional ability were evaluated before and after the 3 months of treatment program. There was no significant difference between both groups in the pre-treatment mean values of all measured variables. Significant improvement was observed in BMD, knee extensors and flexors strength, and functional ability in the study group when comparing pre and post treatment measurements. There was a significant improvement in functional ability of the control group. Significant difference was also observed between both groups when comparing the post treatment measurements in favor of the study group. Based on obtained data, it can be concluded that, resistance and aerobic exercise training program is effective in increasing BMD, muscle strength and functional ability in children with hemophilia
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Bone Density , Muscle Strength , Hemophilia A , ChildABSTRACT
Spastic diplegia is a common form of cerebral palsy [CP] and is characterized by spasticity and muscle weakness of both lower limbs resulting in decreased walking ability. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of whole body vibration [WBV] training on muscle strength, spasticity, and motor performance in spastic diplegic cerebral palsy children after 12-weeks treatment. Thirty spastic diplegic CP children [8-12 years] were randomized to two equal groups, control group and WBV group. The control group received a selected physical therapy treatment program for spastic diplegic CP and the WBV group received the same program in addition to WBV training. Measurements of isometric strength of knee extensors, spasticity, walking speed, walking balance and gross motor function were performed before and after 12 weeks of the treatment program. Isometric strength of knee extensors, spasticity and the walking speed were significantly improved only in the WBV group [P < 0.05]. Growth motor function measure-88 [GMFM-88] [D%] was significantly increased [P < 0.05] in both groups in favor of the WBV group and GMFM-88 [E%] was significantly increased [P < 0.05] only in the WBV group, while walking balance did not change significantly in either group The obtained results suggest that 12-weeks' intervention of whole-body vibration training can increase knee extensors strength and decrease spasticity with beneficial effects on walking speed and motor development in spastic diplegic CP children
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Vibration , Psychomotor Performance , Child , Psychomotor DisordersABSTRACT
Lipodermatosclerosis [LDS] is considered a type of panniculitis [inflammation of subcutaneous fat]. Patient experiences severe pain, increased stress, swelling, walking problems and decreased quality of life. The end result of untreated LDS is ulcer formation with high incidence of delayed healing and infection. In addition to psychological problem, the financial costs can be significant. To evaluate the efficacy of ultrasonic waves [U.S.] in the treatment of lipodermatosclerosis. Forty patients with lipodermatosclerosis from both sexes aged from 42 to 65 years were assigned into two groups of equal number. The study group [group A] received continuous U.S. three times/week at frequency of 3 MHz in addition to routine treatment which consisted of wearing grade 2 compression stocking [30-40 mmHg] during weight bearing conditions, patients were advised to try to decrease weight bearing as much as possible during the treatment period and circulatory exercise for 15 min at least 5 times/day, control group [group B] received placebo U.S. plus routine treatment. Pain sensation and skin hardness were assessed in both groups using numeric rating scale [NRS] and durometer. The results revealed a significant decrease in mean values of pain sensation and skin hardness in the study group compared to the control group after treatment. To conclude that therapeutic ultrasound was effective in controlling of lipodermatosclerosis disease as regards, decreasing pain sensation and skin hardness
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Dermatitis , Scleroderma, Localized , Ultrasonic Therapy , Somatosensory Disorders , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
To determine the frequency and pattern of oral manifestations in patients with Diabetes Mellitus and to assess factors associated with oral manifestations in patients with Diabetes Mellitus A hospital based study adopted a prospective cross-sectional design. All subjects [both Type I and II] with diabetes, attended department of internal medicine Gulf Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Ajman, UAE. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was designed and used for data collection. Standard methods of systematic sequential examination for any clinical manifestations in respect to infection control using sterile disposable diagnostic instrument, cheek retractors, and periodontal probes. Examination of the oral cavity done to find out any oral lesion and to correlate the symptoms with the signs observed and for periodontal evaluation. The Statistical package SPSS 20 version, with a descriptive and inferential analysis was used. All data will be expressed as frequency and percentage, frequencies and percentage. The level for statistical significance for all hypothesis will be set at a minimum of p < 0.05. A total 404 subjects with Diabetes Mellitus with age ranged from 16-79 years. Majority [42.4%] of the subjects were in the age group 46-60 years, 61.1% were males and 38.9% were females. In regards to diabetes type, 91.4% of the subjects were diagnosed as having type II Diabetes. 32.1% of the subjects were firstly diagnosed at age over 40 years. 76.0% of the subjects had family history of type I and 19.7% of type II, 4.3% had family history without knowing the exact type. In regard to diabetes duration, 76.3% of the patients had diabetes history less than 5 years, on the other hand only 5.3% of the subjects had more than 16 years diabetes history. HbA1c level was less than 7% in 80.8% of the subjects. 30.7% of the subjects were taking insulin injection for diabetes control. Smokers consist 22.6% of the sample. Some diabetic subjects had other systemic diseases in addition, 60 [16.8%] subjects had hypertension also, one of them had Grinspan's syndrome in whom lichen planus found also as a reticular type in both sides buccal mucosa. Halitosis found in 60.65% followed by dry mouth in 59.1%, only 9.8% complain from burning sensation, which is cited in the tongue in 5.5% and in oral mucosa in 4.6% of the subjects. While both recurrent oral ulceration and reticular lichen planus were found in 8 subjects located on buccal mucosa and tongue. Males show frequent oral findings in older age, poor controlled groups had periodontitis. Oral lesions showed no significant relation to the age of the subjects, diabetes type and family history of diabetes. Disturbance of taste sensation shows a significant association with duration of diabetes by using Chi-square test. Diabetes mellitus prevalence has been increasing, it affects people of all ages, both genders. When it's not controlled it can result in systemic and oral manifestations and complications. Prevention and management of diabetes and its oral complications requires proper medical monitoring, life style change, routine professional dental, oral checkups and a rigorous home care
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Background: Insomnia may affect daytime quality of life and have different behavioral symptoms among patients
Objective: To determine the frequency of behavioral and demographic features among insomniac patients
Patients and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on patients from southern Punjab, who were insomniac and taking medications from Psychiatric Ward, Nishtar Hospital Multan, from 1[st] January 2010 to 31[st] January, 2011. Data was collected from 417 insomniac patients. A questionnaire was administered targeting insomnia criteria. Confidentiality of information taken was ensured. The data was entered and analyzed by SPSS version 15
Results: A total of 417 patients participated in the study. The age range was 10-80 years, with 52% females, 272 insomniac patients out of 417 [65.2%] were anorexic. 225 [54%] cases were the eldest, among insomnia patients, following were the youngest who were 116 [28%] and the least were in between the eldest and the youngest who were 75 [18%]. 284 [68%] patients complained about the uncontrolled level of anger with destructive behavior
Conclusion: Anorexia, uncontrolled anger, restlessness was found in insomnia. Females, illiterate and elder members of family were more insomniac