In-vitro evaluation of the effect of MTA setting on apical microleakage of open apex canals with MTA apical plug

Mineral Trioxide Aggregate [MTA] has a high clinical success rate when used as the apical plug. The conventional method of using MTA as an apical plug is doneduring two treatment sessions. This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of complete filling of root canal with gutta percha and AH26 sealer immediately after the placement of MTA plug. A total of 88 single-rooted teeth were selected for this experimental study. The teeth were prepared and randomly divided into two groups of 40 each. Four teeth were considered as the positive control group and the remaining 4 as the negative controls. In group 1, MTA apical plug was placed, specimens were stored in saline solution for 24h and then filled with gutta percha and AH26 sealer. In the 2[nd] group, the roots were filled immediately after the placement of MTA. In the positive control group, the root canals were left unfilled and in the negative control group, root canals were filled with gutta percha and sealer. The specimens were then immersed in 1% methylene blue, demineralized in 5% nitric acid and cleared in methyl salicylate. Dye penetration was measured by a stereomicroscope in micrometer. T-test was used for statistical analysis. The mean dye penetration was 7813 microm in the first and 9152 um in the second group. According to t-test, the 2[nd] group had significantly greater microleakage than the first group [P<0.05]. MTA needs to be exposed to moisture for final setting and root canal obturation must be delayed until complete setting of MTA

[Evaluation of parental view toward dental treatment under general anesthesia in Isfahan]

The rate of parental attitude and view toward the treatment modality of child is the one of the most important factors of the treatment. The aim of this study was the evaluation of parental view and attitude toward dental treatment under general anesthesia. In this descriptive cross sectional study, the participants, were parents whose children had recently undergone dental treatment under general anesthesia. The parents were given two self-administered questionnaire inquiring about their reasons and view toward the dental treatment under general anesthesia. Statistical analysis was performed by using Mann Whitney, Crosstab and Correlation tests. Our results showed that more than 80% of parents have moderate to high satisfaction about practice. Dentist's refer was the first reason for this treatment modality followed by relatives recommendation. More than 45% of parents indicated that lack of child fear was the most important advantage of this type of treatment. From parent's point of view previous sever pain experience and fear that transferred from relatives were the most important reason for child's fear from dental treatment. According to these results; most of parents satisfied with their child's dental treatment under general anesthesia, so promotion of social knowledge about dental treatment under general anesthesia could improve children's dental care and oral hygiene

[ rare case of lissencephaly and literature review]

Lissencephaly, which literally means [smooth brain], is a brain formation disorder characterized by the lack of normal convolutions [folds] in the brain, and an abnormal small head size [microcephaly]. It is caused by defective neuronal migration, the process in which nerve cells move from their place of origin to their permanent Location. The incidence is unknown. Manifestations occur in neonate or in childhood. There are multiple anomalies in eyes, heart, kidney and gastrointestinal system. In this study, we introduce a female neonate with poor feeding and microcephaly. The aim is to enhance the importance of diagnosis and to distinguish this disease from preventable diseases with similar manifestations

Epilepsy in children with cerebral palsy

Epilepsy occurs in 12% to 90% of children with cerebral palsy [CP]. However its clinical course is not well defined. This investigation was undertaken to study and determine the characteristics and prevalence of epilepsy in children with cerebral palsy. Of 133 children with cerebral palsy, seen between 1998 and 2001, in the pediatric neurology clinic of the Imam Reza hospital, fifty-three had epilepsy. During the same period, a group of 70 epileptic children with normal neurodevelopmental status was studied as the controls. Patients with spastic quadriplegia were the most commonly affected with epilepsy. When compared with the control group, children with CP had a higher incidence of epilepsy with onset within the first year of age [52.8% vs. 18.5%], history of neonatal seizures [20.7% vs. 4.2%], and poly therapy [73.8% vs. 29.1%] respectively. Epilepsy is common in children with CP and can be predicted if seizures occur in the first year of life, in the neonatal period and based on the need for polytherapy

[Neonatal dislocation of elbow due to birth trauma]

Birth injuries are due to difficult labors. Dislocation of elbow as a consequence of birth trauma has not been reported yet. A two days newborn was referred to Imam Reza hospital because of restlessness and limitation of movement in upper arm. Double dislocation of left elbow was observed in radiographic evaluation. In any newborn with difficult labor and limitation of movement in upper arm in addition to more common conditions dislocation of elbow should be considered

Evaluation of factors affecting the acute diarrhea in children admitted in emam reza and dr shaikh hospitals in Mashhad in summer 1383 [2004]

Background and purpose: Diarrhea diseases are major causes of morbidity, with attack rates ranging from 2 to 12 cases illnesses per person per year in both developed and developing countries. In addition, diarrhea illnesses account for an estimated 12, 600 deaths each day in children in Asia, Africa and Latin America. This study is therefore intended to study factors affecting, diarrhea diseases in children

Methods and Materials: Age, sex, kind of feeding, weight, kind of acute diarrhea and knowledge of patients' mothers in 222 Children with an admission diagnosis of diarrhea admitted to Emam Reza and Dr Shaikh Hospitals in Mashad were studied in 2004 summer

Results: There was no correlation between diarrhea and sex [56.5% boys and 40.5% girls]. There were a good correlation between bottle feeding, weight under 3rd percentile [P=0.001], knowledge of patients` mothers and diarrhea [p=0.001]. There was a good correlation between age and kind of diarrhea [inflammatory and non-inflammatory] too

Conclusion: Bottle feeding, underweight and low knowledge of patients` mothers are the most common predisposing factors in diarrheal diseases of children

value of chest x -ray in foreign body aspiration of children

Foreign body aspiration [FBA] is a common cause of respiratory distress in children. Delay in diagnosis and treatment can cause serious complication especially chronic pneumonia. The aim of this study was evaluation of plain chest X- Ray [CXR] as the first and available imaging modality in FBA of children. A retrospective analysis was conducted on the records of pediatric patients less than 18 years of age with the discharge diagnosis of FBA from 1999 to 2003 at the Imam Reza Hospital [a large tertiary center in Khorasan province]. From 140 patients with FBA 87 [62%] were male. The mean age was 48 month. The most common clinical findings were: history of chocking [77%], decreased breath sounds [42%], wheezing [38%], cough [20%], respiratory distress [15.5%] and fever. CXR was normal in 47% of patients with a sensitivity about 64%. Air trapping [Emphysema] was most common radiological findings [24.5%]. Other radiological finding were, consolidations [10.5%], atelectasis [6.5%] and opaque foreign bodies [6.5%]. In all cases except four cases, aspirated foreign bodies were food materials and watermelone seeds were the commonest one [40%]. Bronchoscopic removal of foreign body was done successfully in 133 patients [95%]. Although FBA in children diagnosed by history, physical examination and radiographic findings, but this findings may be misleading. Negative CXR should not preclude diagnosis of FBA in children with a strong history of FBA, and early bronchoscopic examination will be safe and life saving

Hyperekplexia and excessive startle response in an infant: a case report

We present an infant girl with hyperekplexia, hypertonia, hyperreflexia and a characteristic exaggerated response to nose tap. This disoeder is important to recognize because of the increased risk of apnea and sudden infant death. This infant responded to colnazepam

[ effects of genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on acute and chronic inflammation in diabetic mice]

The effects of tyrosine kinases on acute and chronic inflammation during diabetes are not fully determined. Therefore, the present study focuses on investigating the effects of genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on acute and chronic inflammation in diabetic mice. The mice either received normal saline [control, 0.1 ml, i.p., n=144] or were injected with streptozotocin [diabetic, STZ, 200 mg kg -1, i.p., n=144]. By injecting carrageenan and implanting 2 cotton pellets [a week after the injection of saline or STZ] we induced acute and chronic inflammation. Before injecting carrageenan or 5 day after implantation, 9 mice from each group [control or diabetic] received genistein [10 mg kg -1, i.p.], indomethacin [2 mg kg -1, i.p.] or L-NAME [0.1 mg kg -1, i.p.]. Paw edema and the weight of cotton pellets were significantly higher in diabetic mice. Pretreatment with either indomethacin or L NAME significantly reduced the acute and chronic inflammation in the diabetic group. Genistein reduced chronic inflammation significantly [P<0.0001]. These results suggest that activation of tyrosine kinases as well as prostaglandins and nitric oxide pathways are involved in the increased chronic inflammatory responses observed in the diabetic animals

Assisted human reproduction techniques: necessities, achievements and the need for legislation

The purpose of this paper is to show that the current Iranian law is poor and unclear in the area of legal and ethical aspects of using ART in human reproduction. Legal literature of this area is also poor and possibly misleading. It is also shown that the proposed draft to the Parliament is also non-embracing and inefficient. To tackle this problem a new legislation is needed. To achieve this aim making a widespread and multidisciplinary study is suggested. For this purpose, it is attempted to identify the matters in question and legal gaps in light of a comparative study. It is also suggested that the legislation is to be all embracing and comprehensive covering all aspects of the required issues. For having a guideline to make legislation, the following principles are suggested: [1] the welfare and interests of any person born or to be born as a result of a treatment procedure are paramount; [2] human life should be preserved and protected; [3] the interests of the family should be considered; [4] infertile couples should be assisted in fulfilling their desire to have children

[Religious status of using assisted reproductive technologies in human reproduction]

To draw a general picture of the current Iranian-law and ShiahFiqh position as to the Assisted Reproduction: -whether allowed or not, - and, to show how and what changes could occur in this field. Examination of the Iranian legislation and judicial decisions, consideration of jurisprudential verdicts of the eminent Shiah jurists and interpretation of the original sources of Shiah-Islamic law: Quran and Tradition of the Prophet of Islam and Twelve Shiah Imams, by the method of Ijtehad. 1- Lack of clear and comprehensive legislation and guiding judicial decisions: no obvious enactment exists to determine whether or not the ART specialists and Medical centres are allowed to apply these techniques where sperm, egg and fertilized egg donation are concerned, 2- existence of different opinions between the authoritative religious jurists in permitting the use of these techniques, and 3- emergence of extensive divergence between the jurisprudential scholars in interpreting the original sources of the jurisprudence [Fiqh] which would naturally affect the legislative authority and the courts when dealing with the case. These results show that the position of the Iranian law is currently complicated, at least, where the case of sperm, egg and embryo donation is concerned and it is feared that the courts might decide differently if a case of such kind arise before them. This suggests that the Iranian authorities should interfere in this area of the law to provide a new legislation. Examination of the verdicts published by the current eminent Shiah jurists show that some cases, such as egg and fertilized egg donation, could be allowed religiously, although the sperm donation is somewhat complicated. However, it is suggested that the authorized authorities are to consider legal problems and social reflections arising out of using donated sperm, egg and fertilized egg when allowing these techniques