[Simulation, a strategy for improving clinical education]

Advances in medical and nursing education has led to the transformation of traditional teaching methods to advanced teaching methods for clinical care in a secure environment. Simulation is a unique modality for experiential learning and evaluation. Limited facilities or short-stay patients impact learning in the field of medicine and paramedical sciences. Thus, few learning opportunities are present in the areas of patient care for students. Preparation of a simulated environment helps with the improvement of education, in a controlled environment and prevents of medical errors and any harm to the patient. The aim of this article was to review teaching of simulation in clinical education. Electronic databases and publishers such as proQuest and Elsevier from 2000 to 2011were reviewed. All articles on simulation were collected and related studies to clinical education according to inclusion criteria were picked up. Six qualitative studies, 11 quantitative studies and 4 studies with mixed qualitative - quantitative methods were selected for analysis. Although simulating has different levels, but evidence suggests that in comparison to traditional training and lecture-based methods, it has more efficiency and effectiveness. Simulation is an important tool in clinical education with positive effects for faculty, students and patients. In the past decade, simulation has been a key strategy for the development of clinical skills in students. Policymakers, professors and founders focus on the need to develop clinical skills before entrance to the bedside in order to improve patient safety

Complications and outcome of pregnancy in infertile PCOS patients

Polycystic ovarian syndrome [PCOS] is a complex hormonal disturbance that has numerous implications for general health and fertility. It is the most common cause of ovulatory disturbance, leading to infertility and probably, pregnancy loss. This study evaluated the complications and outcome of pregnancy in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome [PCOS]. The course and outcome of 47 singleton pregnancy in women with well-documented PCOS were compared with those in 100 healthy controls. The incidence of an abnormal glucose-challenge test, gestational diabetes mellitus and pregnancy induced hypertension were significantly increased in pregnant women with PCOS [P<0.05] Women with PCOS were at increased risk of gestational diabetes and pregnancy induced hypertension

[Effects of cognitive behavioral counseling on body Image alternations in women undergone mastectomy]

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women throughout the world and for most women mastectomy result in the loss of a body part that is viewed as essential for maintaining feminity, attractiveness and self-esteem. In order to prevent impaired body image, one should accept the changes of her body shape. To determine the effect of counseling on mean of body image score in women undergone mastectomy. In this quasi-experimental designed study, 72 women undergone mastectomy referring to an oncology and radioactive center in Isfahan were randomly selected by convenient sampling and studied. The experimental group [n = 32] participated in 6 sessions of counseling. Data were collected using questionnaire and statistical analysis was performed by the paired and independent t test using spss software. The results indicated a significantly different between mean of body image score before and after counseling in experimental group[P < 0 /001]. Also a significantly different was seen in mean of body image score after counseling in experimental and control group[P < 0 /001]

[ comparative study on pregnancy and delivery complications in patients involved and not involved in polycystic ovary disease [PCOD]]

Polycystic ovary syndrome [PCOS] is one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders in reproductive age and is also considered as the most popular cause of infertility due to lack of ovary release. On the other hand, present condition of high expenses of infertility treatment and midwifery science slogan as "deliver a healthy infant to a healthy mother" all reflect the necessity to take care of these patients and to check their pregnancy stages precisely. This study aimed to investigate the pregnancy complications among patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. This was an analytic prospective cohort study. The population studied comprised all Iranian nullipars women with pregnancy of one quite healthy fetus. They were divided into two groups including 47 subjects with PCOS and 100 subjects with no PCOS. Pregnancy and delivery complications such as pregnancy sweat, diabetes, eclampsy and early delivery were recorded. The data were collected through interview and analyzed by descriptive inferential statistics through SPSS . The findings of the study showed that the rates of abnormalities in screening tests of diabetes, pregnancy diabetes and eclampsy in pregnant women with PCOS were more than those in controls but there was no significant difference between the two groups in early delivery. Since obesity seems to be the major cause of diabetes and eclampsy in patients with PCOS, these patients need critical care during pregnancy and screen them properly for diabetes and eclampsy