ABSTRACT
Body psychotherapy technique [BPT] is a program teaches to deal more effectively with stressors. This study was done to evaluate the effectiveness of body psychotherapy technique on the stress and salivary cortisol level in high school girl students. In this randomized clinical trials study, thirty 15-18 years old female students were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. BPT group was given to the intervention group in nine sessions during two months. Cohen stress scale was used perior and the end of study to determine the scale of stress. Perior and at the end of study, salivary samples of subjects were collected directly after getting up in the early morning, 15, 30 and 45 minutes later on to measure salivary cortisol level. The mean of stress scale scores and salivary cortisol level in the intervention group significantly reduced in comparison with the controls [P<0.05]. Body psychotherapy technique reduces stress scale scores and salivary cortisol level in high school girl students in Gorgan, northern Iran
ABSTRACT
The anabolic androgenic steroids are known to stimulate muscle protein synthesis and hypertrophy. Cardiomyocytes have two types of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in sarcolemma [sarck[ATP]] and in mitochondria [mitk[ATP]]. Activation of the sarck[ATP] channels has been proposed to protect against ischemia-reperfusion injury. This study aimed to investigate the effect of nandrolone decanoate [ND] on the expression of sarck[ATP] channels in the presence and absence of exercise in rat heart. In this experimental study, 40 adult male rats were divided into five groups: control, vehicle, ND, exercise and exercise-ND group. Rats in the exercise group were submitted to a running program on a treadmill, 5 days a week for 10 weeks. In addition, rats in the ND and exercise-ND groups received a weekly intramuscular injection of ND [10 mg/kg] for 10 weeks. Expression of the K[ATP] channel subunits [Kir6.2 and SUR2] was determined using the Western blotting method. ND administration had no effect on the expression of sarck[ATP] channel subunits in the sedentary group, while the chronic exercise significantly increased the expression of K[ATP] channel subunits [P=0.01]. Moreover, the ND administration significantly decreased the Kir6.2 [P=0.001] and SUR2 [P=0.05] subunits in the exercised animals. Chronic exercise and ND increases the expression of sarc[KATP] channels, and. The ND-induced expression decrement of channels is probably one of the mechanisms involved in the impairment of exercise-induced cardioprotection in rat heart
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Studies have recently shown that intermittent normobaric hyperoxia has a significant therapeutic effect on the treatment of acute ischemia. In this study intermittent normobaric effect of hyperoxia and protein kinase C [PKC] activity in the blood - brain barrier [BBB] permeability and behavioral assessment were evaluated. In this experimental study 36 wistar rat were divided to 6 groups as follow: normoxi [shem], normoxi+CHEL, normoxi+halt, normoxi+halt+CHEL, hyproxi+halt, hyperoxi+halt+CHEL, n=6 in each group. Chelerythrin chlorid [CHEL] was used as a systemically inhibitor of PKC. 24 hours later, rats were subjected to 60 min of right middle cerebral artery occlusion [MCAO]. The hyperoxia and normoxia groups were exposed to 95% and 21% respectively, for 4 h/day, 6 continuous days. After 24 h reperfusion, neurological deficit scores and BBB permeability was assessed. Data were analyzed using two way ANOVA and Bonferroni test. Preconditioning with intermittent normobaric hyperoxia decreased neurologic deficit scores and BBB permeability. Inhibition of PKC resulted in the increase of neurologic deficit scores; which improved with hyperoxia [P<0.001]. PKC inhibition, independent of hyperoxia improved the BBB function [P<0.001]. With the deployment of hyperoxia and specific subunits of PKC during the stroke, stability of BBB integrity and improvement of neurological deficit scores occur
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Hyperoxia , Protein Kinase C , Permeability , Ischemia , Rats, Wistar , Benzophenanthridines , Infarction, Middle Cerebral ArteryABSTRACT
Demyelination in central nervous system is usually followed by remyelination; however, chronic lesions with subsequent functional impairment result from the eventual failure of remyelination process, as seen in multiple sclerosis. Remyelination is the process through which oligodendrocyte-progenitor cells [OPCs] restore new myelin sheathes around demyelinated axons. This study aimed to investigate the effect of A1 receptor agonist, N6-cyclohexyladenosine [CHA], on the demyelination and remyelination processes in rat optic chiasm following lysophosphatidylcholine [LPC]-induced demylination. In this experimental study, LPC was injected into the optic chiasm of three groups of rats [n=6]. Control group received aCSF on different days following LPC injection. Two groups of animals received CHA on days 0-14 or 14-28 post-lesion. Demyelination and remyelination levels were evaluated by recording visual evoked potential [VEP] from the scalp. The highest level of demyelination was occurred on day 7 post-lesion LPC injection and gradually reduced during the days 7-28. The P-wave latency was significantly increased on day 7 and then partially restored during the days 7-28 post-lesion. CHA administration during the days 0-14 attenuated demyelination process. In addition, CHA administration in remyelination phase [days 14-28] was able to potentiate the endogenous myelin repair. Injection of CHA could prevent the lysolecithin-induced variations in VEP. The effects of CHA may be mediated through increment of OPCs proliferation and their differentiation into myelinating oligodendrocytes
ABSTRACT
Recent studies have shown that normobaric hyperoxia is effective in the treatment of acute ischemia, a phenomenon called preconditioning. However, the exact mechanism of this kind of preconditioning in vivo is not known. In this study, the effect of intermittent normobaric hyperoxia on expression of HIF1alpha in a stroke model was investigated. In this experimental study, rats were divided into 4 groups. Hyperoxia groups were exposed to 95% inspired oxygen for 4 h/day and 6 consecutive days. Oxygen concentration in the control groups was 21% [normoxia]. After 24 h, rats in stroke groups were subjected to 60 min of right middle cerebral artery occlusion. After 24 h, reperfusion neurological deficit scores were assessed. The brain HIF1alpha levels were analyzed by Western blot. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA, Bonferroni post-test, Fisher exact test, and GraphPad Prism 5 software. The results of this study showed that HIF1alpha levels increased in stroke groups compared with normoxia groups, while the amount of protein in hyperoxia groups was not significantly different from normoxia groups. Significantly increased HIF1alpha levels were observed in hyperoxia stroke group. Also, hyperoxia improved neurological deficit scores from 8.83% down to 3.46%. Hydroxylation, instability, and degradation of HIF1alpha occurred following hyperoxia. In the stroke groups, lack of oxygen delivery to cells prevents hydroxylation and degradation of HIF1alpha. In hyperoxia stroke group, inflammatory cytokines with increased ROS can induce increased expression of HIF1alpha
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Background and Purpose: Novel strategies of MS try to stimulate endogenous neural stem cells for demyelination repair. Increased levels of cAMP potentiate the repair mechanisms in CNS by activating PKA or independently. In the present study, we investigated the effect of dbcAMP on neural stem cells migration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis [EAE] model of MS
Methods and Materials: Mice were immunized with 300 microg MOG peptide emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant [CFA] and pertussis toxin [PT]. Control mice received CFA and PT. Groups of EAE- mice received i.p. injections of dbcAMP 10mg/kg from day 9-14 or 9-21. Animals were observed daily for neurological deficit. Nestin expression was used as a marker to detect neural stem cells. The number of Nestin+ cells in SVZ and olfactory bulb [OB] was evaluated using immunohistochemical staining. GraphPad Prism Version 5 was used for analyzing the data. For the clinical signs of EAE, the differences between the same days were compared by unpaired t-test. For the number of Nestin+ cells, the statistical differences between the groups were determined by one-way ANOVA and Tukey post-test
Results: EAE induction caused clinical signs and paralysis of tail and hind limbs. dbcAMP significantly reduced the incidence and severity of EAE in mice immunized with MOG. Maximum of scores reached 0.66 +/- 0.13 for dbcAMP treated mice [2.5 +/- 0.2 for EAE mice] on 21 dpi [day post inductin]. EAE induction did not change number of nestin+ cells in SVZ but it increased it in OB. With developing of scores on 21dpi, the number of cells decreased [5.66 +/- 1.20]. dbcAMP injection from 9-21 dpi increased these cells in SVZ. With developing of EAE scores on 21 dpi, the number of these cells in OB increased [19.5 +/- 2.04] and has significant differences with the control group. The treatment of EAE induced mice with dbcAMP from 9-21 dpi was assosiated with a significant elevation of Nestin+ cells in OB [40 +/- 2.73] [P<0.001].
Conclusion: Treatment with the dbcAMP and PKA activation effectively control the EAE signs via increasing the number of neural stem cells and inducing their migration from SVZ to OB and demyelinated lesions, and decrease the symptoms
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Background and Purpose: Despite widespread research on epilepsy, the mechanism of its insidnece is still unknown. Since the activity of ATPase plays a vital role in changing ATP into AMP, and this substance can later turn into adenosine which is the most important endogenous anticonvulsant agent in brain, the effect of inhibition of ATPase on perforant path kindling was investigated in the present study
Methods and Materials: In this experimental study, animals were kindled by electrical stimulations of the perforant path [12 times a day with a frequency of 50 Hz and pulse duration of 1 millisecond]. Upon kindling, behavioral and electrophysiologic measures of convulsions and filed potentials were recorded. For investigating the role of ATPase in animal groups, FPL 67156 was injected as the inhibitor of the ATPase after kindling stimulations ended each day. Kindled animals were 6, and there were 4 rats in other groups. Repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferoni test were used to compare the statistical quantities of fEPSP and PS of epilepsy creation in different groups of the study. Comparing the difference of paired pulses between groups was conducted by Bonferoni test. The five-stage convulsion of the groups was compared through Kruskall Wallis and Mann Whitney U tests. Statistical analyses were conducted in Prism 5
Results: The results indicated that ATPase inhibition [by injecting FPL 67156] causes no change in various behavioral stages of convulsion and daily afterdischarge duration following kindling [P>0.05]; however, it affects synapsis formation, so that PS increases in comparison with the kindled group [P<0.05] and inceases the lowering of paired pulses [P<0.05]
Conclusion: The results indicated that the activity of ATPase plays an inhibitory role on the formation in bringing about epiliepsy by kindling, so that by controlling it, it is facilitated
ABSTRACT
Axon regeneration in adult CNS is limited by the presence of inhibitory proteins associated with myelin. Although blocking PKC activity attenuates the ability of CNS myelin to inhibit neurite outgrowth, the role as well as mechanisms underlying the remyelination inhibition in CNS are still largely unknown. Considering the role of PKC in axonal regeneration and the vulnerability of optic chiasm in multiple sclerosis [MS], we assessed the effect of PKC inhibition on remyelination of lysolecithin induced demyelinated optic chiasm. Demyelination was induced by stereotaxic intra-chiasmatic injection of 1 micro l lysolecithin [%1] in male mice. Intracerebroventricular daily injection of a PKC inhibitor [GO6976] was done for 14 days post-lesion. Demyelination and remyelination patterns in optic chiasm were confirmed through histological verification and electrophysiological study using Luxol fast blue staining and visual evoked potentials [VEP] recording, respectively. In lysolecithin treated animals, demyelination was mostly marked at days 3 and 7 post-lesion and an incomplete remyelination occurred at day 14 post-lesion. VEP recording showed increased P-latency at the days 3 and 7 post-lesion while it partially decreased at day 14. Following the inhibition of PKC, while the extent of demyelination and P-latency slightly decreased at the days 3 and 7 post-lesion, it recovered at day 14. VEP recording data were confirmed by histological verification. Inhibition of PKC activity could represent a potential therapeutic approach for stimulating the remyelination process in the context of multiple sclerosis
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Background and purpose: Antioxidants and vitamin D3 are currently used for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases although their mechanism of action is not well understood. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of combined administration of vitamins D3 and E on demyelination, cell death and remyelination of rat hippocampus following the local ethidium bromide [EB] injection
Methods and Materials: This experimental study was conducted on 32 Spague rats. After EB-induced demyelination, animals received intraperitoneal vitamin E [100 mg/kg] and D3 [5microg/kg] together for 7 days. The extent and intensity of demyelination were studied by luxol fats blue staining, the activated caspase-3 genes and MBP. The study data were analyzed in SPSS using one-way ANOVA and Tukey post test
Results: The findings revealed that the combined administration of vitamins E and D3 for 7 days caused a significant reduction in the expression of activated caspase-3 [10 +/- 0] [p<0.001], as well as a significant increase in MBP expression [236 +/- 30] [p<0.001]. EB injection alone significantly increased demylination [p<0.05]. Combined administration of the two vitamins significantly reduced the extent of demyelination [0.1 +/- 0.03] [p<0.05], and increased remyelination intensity [0.6 +/- 0.06] [p<0.05]
Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that the combined administration of vitamins E and D3 reduced EB induced demyelination and apopthosis, and improved remyelination
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It has been suggested that low frequency stimulation [LFS] exerts its inhibitory effect on epileptogenesis through adenosine receptors activation. In the present study, effect of different LFS frequencies on A1 and A2A receptors gene expression was investigated in perforant path kindled seizures. Animals were kindled by perforant path stimulation. Afterdischarges were recorded from the dentate gyrus. LFS [0.5, 1 and 5 Hz] was applied at the end of each kindling stimulation. On the 7th day, A1 and A2A receptors gene expression were evaluated in the dentate gyrus. Application of different LFS frequencies retarded the kindling acquisition. Also, it decreased the afterdischarge durations and behavioural seizure stages 4 and 5 significantly. LFS application prevented the kindling induced decrease in the A1 receptor gene expression. On the other hand, LFS attenuated the level of A2A receptor gene expression in the dentate gyrus. LFS had the most effect at the frequency of 5 Hz. It may be suggested that antiepileptogenic effects of LFS is mediated somehow through changes in the gene expression of adenosine A1 [which has inhibitory effects] and A2A [which has excitatory effects] receptors. These effects might be somehow frequency dependent
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Receptor, Adenosine A2A/agonists , Gene Expression , Dentate Gyrus , Perforant Pathway , Anticonvulsants , RatsABSTRACT
When bonding between two different dental materials is impossible due to structural dissimilarity, a third material can be used at the interface to achieve the desired bond. Silanes have been developed for this purpose and can improve bonding strength in dental restorations by preventing debonding at the interface region. The present study reviewed the relevant publications in order to determine the effect of silane on the bond strength of ceramic to resin restorations. Multiple internet search engines including Google, AltaVista, and the archives of related Journals were used in order to access information on the properties of silane. Application of silane increases the bonding strength between composite and resin by approximately 25%, regardless of different fabrication and testing methods. Etching with phosphoric acid and treatment with silane emerged as the two most significant factors in the improvement of the bonding strength of cements. However, using an appropriate coupling agent even without etching has also been shown to produce an acceptable bonding strength. Hydrolyzed silanes do not produce methanol and therefore cannot completely vaporize the water generated during chemical reactions. On the other hand, non-hydrolyzed silanes vaporize surface water by producing 3 methanol molecules and thus do not interfere with bonding of adhesive systems. Therefore the bonding strength of non-hydrolized silanes is greater than hydrolyzed silanes. In conclusion, the type of silane [hydrolyzed, non-hydrolyzed], the adhesive used and the technique of its application are considered to be three of the most important factors affecting bond strength