Prevalence of anti-CMV antibodies in blood donors in Urmia

Infection with cytomegalovirus [CMV] is very common. Contamiated persons can transmit the virus to normal recipients through blood donation. While infection with CMV in normal immunocompetent persons usually has no adverse outcomes, transmission of the virus to immunocompromised patients can lead to serious morbidity and mortality. So we designed a study to determine the prevalence rate of anti-CMV antibodies among the blood donors of Urmia Blood Transfusion Center. In this cross-sectional descriptive study, the prevalence rate of anti-CMV antibodies [IgM, IgG] was estimated by ELISA method in serum samples obtained from 180 healthy blood donors in various age and sex groups of Urmia. According to the findings, all [100%] of the sera studied were positive for IgG irrespective of the age and sex of donors while only five persons [2.8%] had anti-CMV IgM at detectable levels. There were four males and one female, all living at urban regions with the age range of 20 to 50 years. The high rate of positive test results among blood donors indicated that nearly all of donated blood units have an infectious nature at least for immunocompromised patients. The findings of this study clearly show that it is time for all blood donations to be screened for CMV infectivity at least for immunocompromised group of recipients such as the patients with malignant diseases receiving chemotherapy and recipients of allograft organs. This group of patients should at least benefit from protective measures in blood transfusion including the use of leukocyte filters which is at the time being limited to thalassemic patients in our country

Evaluation of beliefs and behaviors of girls [11-18 years] about HIV/AIDS in Orumia city

The number of people living with HIV continues to rise, despite the fact that effective prevention strategies exist. Information alone is not enough to produce sustained behavior change. Our purpose was to investigate behavior among teenager girls to use them for next programs. This is a kind of qualitative research, done on the basis of interviews of teenager girls in uromia. Interviews designed semi-organized to study complex aspects of interviewees' talks. Most of the interviewees have mentioned Television, Teachers and Mothers as their source of information. Less than 10% have mentioned sexual behaviors as the main reason for acquiring AIDS. Behavioral prevention has been mentioned as a prophylactic in less than 10% of the interviews. In some of the interviews, prevention by vaccination or definite treatment has been mentioned .Less than 50% have suggested free distribution of syringe. In none of the interviews question of their reaction in facing the AIDS persons are as follows: I escape, become shocked, and would be careful. Go away, don't talk, A kind of stress have been noticed in their faces in answering this question. All of them disagree with marrying the addicted person and they were more eager to have tests before marriage. Results were showed; beliefs and common behaviors among teenagers should be changed and for changing them, life-skilled-based education and programs should be used for teenagers to reduce the number of AIDS

Comparision of the efficacy of nebulized l-epinephrine, salbutamol and normal saline in acute bronchiolitis: a randomized clinical trial

Acute bronchiolitis is the most common form of lower respiratory tract infection in infancy. There are numerous contradictory reports regarding the efficacy of nebulized bronchodilators in the management of infants with acute bronchiolitis. This study was designed to compare the efficacy of nebulized epinephrine with salbutamol for treatment of the disease.In a randomized clinical trial, 72 infants with moderately severe bronchiolitis were enrolled in three equal groups. Three doses of epinephrine, salbutamol, and normal saline as a placebo nebulized with oxygen were given at 20 minute intervals. Oxygen saturation, respiratory rate and distress were recorded before intervention and 10 minutes after each dose of the drugs.At the end of the study, pre- and post-treatment mean oxygen saturation values, clinical scores and respiratory rates showed significant differences between the epinephrine and salbutamol groups in comparison with the placebo group. The results were more significant in the epinephrine group than other groups. After the treatment course 66%, 50%, and 25% of patients in epinephrine, salbutamol, and placebo groups respectively showed significant improvement at a degree that they could be sent home. No serious side effects were observed.Both nebulized epinephrine and salbutamol improved oxygenation and decreased respiratory distress better than normal saline. L-epinephrint was more effective in relieving respiratory distress and improving oxygen saturation as well as the need for hospitalization than nebulized salbutamol