ABSTRACT
This study aimed to determine the trends in outpatient cataract surgery and its determinants in the Islamic Republic of Iran between 2006 and 2010. In this cross-sectional study, 106 cataract surgery centres were selected in all provinces by multistage randomized cluster sampling. The number of centres in each province was determined from the number of cataract operations and the number of patient charts examined in each centre was proportionate to the number of cataract operations in that centre. The prevalence of outpatient surgery increased from 46.0% [95% CI, 35.3-56.8] in 2006 to 51.4% [95% CI, 40.2-62.7] in 2010 [P = 0.549]. Patients stayed in hospital for more than one night after 10.5% [95% CI, 6.9-14.1] of operations. Use of phacoemulsification and topical anaesthesia increased the prevalence of outpatient surgery and decreased intraoperative complications. Although outpatient cataract surgery increased by 11.7%, use of methods such as phacoemulsification is not widespread, and more attention should be paid to the barriers to outpatient cataract surgery in the Islamic Republic of Iran
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Middle Aged , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Cross-Sectional Studies , Prevalence , Ambulatory Surgical ProceduresABSTRACT
Previous studies on type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Islamic Republic of Iran were mainly performed in provinces with large populations. This study determined the prevalence and risk factors of diabetes mellitus in an adult population [40-80 years old] from Yazd district. Multistage, systematic cluster random sampling was used in a cross-sectional, population-based survey. Demographic, clinical and anthropometric data were collected, with diabetes defined as fasting blood sugar >/= 7 mmol/L or a positive medical history of diabetes. The age- and sex-standardized prevalence of diabetes in 2090 individuals participants was 24.5% [95% CI: 22.2-26.8%], including 10.5% new cases. For each year of ageing, the prevalence of diabetes increased significantly by 4% and this trend was more pronounced in females than males. Low education and hypertension were significantly associated with diabetes prevalence. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Yazd is greater than the average levels nationwide and those of nearby countries
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Adult , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
This study determined trends in the contributions of the public and private sectors to the cataract surgery output in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Data about cataract surgeries performed at surgical centres throughout the nation were extracted from patient charts for a 5-year period from 2006 to 2010. Of the total 516 273 surgeries performed in 2010, more were done in public sector centres [61.7%] than private ones [38.3%]. The total number of surgeries increased by 59.1% between 2006 and 2010. Analysis of the relative contributions of the public and private sectors showed a 41.0% increase in surgeries in public centres and 100.5% in private centres over the 5-year period. Thus the rate of growth of cataract surgery in the private sector was 2.7 times greater than that in the public sector. Despite a smaller contribution to the total number of cataract surgeries, the private sector has experienced a substantial rate of growth
Subject(s)
Public Sector , General Surgery , Cataract , Private SectorABSTRACT
To determine the mean pupil diameter by the Pentacam in the 40-64 year-old population of Shahroud and its association with some related factors. Three hundred clusters were selected through multistage cluster sampling in the first phase of Shahroud Cohort study of whom 82.2% participated in the study. Refraction, slit lamp examination, and imaging by the Pentacam were performed for all participants. The pupil diameter obtained by the Pentacam was analyzed. Any history of previous ocular surgery and invalid Pentacam data were the criteria for excluding data from further analysis. After implementing the exclusion criteria, the data of 3820 individuals [59.3% female] were analyzed. The mean pupil diameter in this study was 2.74 +/- 0.56 mm [95%CI 2.72-2.76]. The 25%, 50%, 95% and 97.5% percentiles of the pupil diameter in the study population were 2.41, 2.67, 3.60 and 3.85 mm, respectively. In this study, the 95% of the normal range of pupil diameter was 1.63-3.85 mm. In the multiple model, the mean pupil diameter was smaller in men compared to women and decreased significantly with aging [P<0.001]. The mean pupil diameter was significantly larger in myopic versus hyperopic participants [P<0.001]. The pupil diameter was significantly smaller in participants with dark brown irises [P=0.005]. Anisocoria was observed in 9.43% [95%CI 8.43-10.44] of the participants. The pupil diameter in normal individuals by the Pentacam is found to be smaller than other techniques. A cut point of 3.85 mm for the pupil diameter is suggested as the critical criterion for refractive surgery. Moreover, it should be noted that men have a smaller pupil diameter, and that the pupil diameter decreases with aging
ABSTRACT
Evaluation of the corneal curvature, central thickness and volume three months after fitting the Rigid Gas Permeable [RGP] contact lens in keratoconic eyes. Corneal topography maps of 25 keratoconic eyes with a negative history of using the RGP lens were evaluated by Oculus Pentacam. Corneal curvature in both surfaces of the cornea, central corneal thickness and corneal volume were evaluated before and three months after fitting the aspheric RGP lens. Three months after using the contact lens, decrease in central corneal thickness [-3.43 micro m, P=0.127], decrease in flattest anterior corneal surface power [-0.43D, P=0.339], decrease in anterior corneal steep power [-1.54D, P=0.358], decrease in posterior corneal flat power [-0.1D, P=0.121], an increase in posterior corneal steep power [0.02D, P=0.710] and an increase in corneal volume [0.27 mm[3] P=0.331] were not statistically significant. Lack of significant changes in corneal topographical parameters three months after using the RGP lens may indicate the non progressive nature of keratoconus in this period. Further studies with longer follow-up periods are suggested to obtain more accurate results
ABSTRACT
To determine the trend of the cataract surgical rate in Khorasan Razavi Province between 2006 and 2010. Five centers were randomly selected from the cataract surgery centers of Khorasan Razavi Province. Using the definition of more than 3000 cataract surgeries per year for a major center, 3 centers were major and 2 were minor. One week of each season was randomly selected for each center and the number of cataract surgeries in that particular week was calculated. A total of 20 weeks for each center were selected. Finally, a percentage of the records, proportionate to the number of surgeries per week, were thoroughly analyzed. The total number of cataract surgeries was estimated 21388, 22750, 23888, 28063, and 30100 from 2007 to 2011, respectively. The cataract surgical rate, considering the population of Khorasan Razavi province, increased linearly from 3782 [95% CI 3732-3833] in 2007 to 5021 [95% CI 4965-5078] in 2011 per 1,000,000 people. In addition, the types of surgeries were intracapsular, extracapsular, phacoemulsification, lensectomy in which were recorded as 0.3%, 15.1%, 84.56%, and 0.1% of the cases, respectively. During the five years of the study, phacoemulsification increased significantly from 74.7% in 2007 to 90.4% in 2011 while the extracapsular method decreased from 14.7% to 9.2% in the same period of time. About 0.87% of the surgeries developed intraoperative complications. This study reported the cataract surgical rate in Khorasan Razavi province exclusively for the first time. The calculated rate was noticeably better than previous reports and was desirable and acceptable according to the WHO standards. However, with regard to the increase in the elderly population of the province, the rate should be even higher to cover all individuals requiring cataract surgery. Therefore, provision of the cataract surgery facilities, especially for the phacoemulsification, and education of this method should receive priority in the health system of this province
ABSTRACT
Comparison of pachymetry pattern of OCT finding in Keratoconus [KCN] suspect and normal subjects. Thirty-two KCN suspect eyes and Thirty- eight normal eyes in young subjects [20-30 year- old] were evaluated. Pachymetry pattern of frequency domain OCT [Visante] in different parts of cornea [thinnest point, inferior - superior thickness difference, inferior temporal - superior nasal thickness difference and thinnest point in 0-2 millimeter decent ration] were measured. There was a significant [p<0.0001] difference in normal and KCN suspect patients in all measurements. KCN suspects showed thinner cornea and more differences in corneal thickness measurements. Anterior frequency domain OCT seems to be suitable for evaluation of KCN suspect patients. It may be critical for refractive surgery candidate and may be used as Pentacam or OrbScan corneal imaging systems
ABSTRACT
Color blindness is a common disorder. The congenital type of tcolor blindness is sex-linked and the genes are located on the X chromosome. The prevalence of color blindness among males and females are 5-8% and 0.5%, respectively. Color blindness may affect daily activities and could be considered as a disability. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of color blindness and its effect on contrast sensitivity and depth perception among school children in Mashhad. Four thousand four hundred school children [2408 males and 1992 females] were selected randomly and tested by Ishihara for color blindness detection. At the second step, students with color blindness were examined at optometry clinic by the Ishihara test again. Two hundred students were also selected randomly to allocate into a control group. Cambridge and Titmouse tests were taken on the case and control groups. Among 4400 schoolchildren, 3% suffered from color blindness [5.1% in boys and 0.4% in girls]. Ishihara test showed 2.2% deuteranopia, 0.8% protanopia and 0.6% suspect. The results indicate that the congenital color blindness has no significant effect on contrast sensitivity and depth perception. The present report provides valuable information regarding color vision defectiveness among schoolchildren. Effective detection of this anomaly is expected to prevent from substantial effects on their education and future job. It is strongly recommended to perform color vision test at the beginning of a child's education
ABSTRACT
To determine the prevalence rates of refractive errors in Mashhad, Iran. In this population-based study, random cluster sampling was performed on the urban population of Mashhad and of 4453 selected individuals, 70.4% participated in the study. Refractive errors were assessed using cycloplegic refraction in participants who were 15 years of age. The prevalence of myopia and hyperopia in individuals 15 years of age was 22.36% [95% CI: 24.66 to 20.06] and 34.21% [95 CI: 36.85 to 31.57], respectively. The prevalence of astigmatism and anisometropia were 25.64% and 5.84, respectively. Astigmatism and anisometropia were significantly more [p=0.005] and less [p=0.048] prevalent in females, respectively. Anisometropia, astigmatism and hyperopia were found to be increased with age. This study highlighted the valuable information on refractive errors in Mashhad. Hyperopia was the most common refractive error. In addition to subjects who were between 5 to 15 years of age, refractive errors were also prevalent among older people; therefore, more attention should be paid to the correction of refractive errors in these groups
ABSTRACT
Refractive errors [myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism] could lead to an impaired quality of life affect a large proportion of the population worldwide, irrespective of age, sex and ethnic group. Such refractive errors can be easily diagnosed, measured and corrected with spectacles or other refractive corrections to attain normal vision. Since there is paucity of information in school children in Iran we aimed to investigate the distribution pattern of refractive status and prevalence of refractive errors in school-age children in Shiraz. A random sampling strategy in geographically defined clusters was used to identify children aged 6-15 years in Shiraz between 2008-2209. We carried out a school survey and actual eye examinations, including visual acuity measurements, stereopsis examination, anterior segment and eyeball movements, fundus examinations, and cycloplegic retinoscopy with 1% cyclopentolate. Of 3065 selected individuals, 2683 were participated in the study [response rate 86.6%]. According to cycloplegic refraction, 4.85% [95% [CI], 3.52 to 6.16] of the primary and middle school students were myopic and 4.64% [95% CI, 3.52 to 6.19] were hyperopic. For high school students, these rates were 22.19 and 11.4% respectively. Myopia and hyperopia were shown to be correlated with age. Prevalence of anisometropia, amblyopia and strabismus were 2.51%, 2.31[95%CI 1.51-3.11] and 1.83% [95%CI 1.15-2.50]. Compared to other published reports, the rate of myopia in the school children of Shiraz seems relatively high
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Adolescent , Prevalence , Students , Visual Acuity , Myopia/epidemiologyABSTRACT
To determine the prevalence of refractive errors among elderly residents of Mashhad during 2006 based on age and gender. Through proportionate cluster random sampling, urban residents of Mashhad aged 55 years or more were invited to attend the Vision Clinic of Mashhad Medical University for an eye examination including autorefraction and subjective refraction. Of 1,540 invited persons, 1,440 persons [response rate= 92.5%] participated in the study of whom 1,367 individuals including 883 [64.6%] male and 484 [35.4%] female subjects with mean age of 63.7 +/- 7.1 [range 55-92] years were examined. The prevalence of myopia was 27.2% [95% confidence interval [CI], 24.8-29.5%] overall, 29.6% in men and 22.5% in women [P<0.001]. The rate of myopia showed an increase with age [P<0.001]. The prevalence of hyperopia was 51.6% [95%CI, 48.9%-54.3%] overall, 48.3% in men and 57.6 in women [P<0.001]. The rate of hyperopia showed a significant decrease with age [P=0.009]. The overall prevalence of astigmatism was 37.5% [95% CI, 34.9-40.0%]. Refractive errors are a major issue among the elderly and their prevalence rates varies greatly depending on age and gender
ABSTRACT
Malnutrition is widely regarded as one of the factors affecting quality of life. The adverse effects of malnutrition have been documented in various age groups. School problems, learning difficulties, humiliation and teasing from peers are some of the most common complications of obesity and excessive thinness. The goal of this study was to determine the BMI and some of the factors affecting it in the students of Dezfool. In a cross-sectional study and using random cluster sampling, 5726 students from 39 clusters were selected and anthropometric measurements were performed in the schools and under standard conditions. Cases of obesity and thinness were identified using BMI percentiles for age and sex [NCHS]. A Body Mass Index above the 95[th] and below the 5[th] percentile was defined as obesity and thinness respectively. This study involved the participation of 5508 students [96.2%]. The prevalence of thinness was 33% [1716] with a 95% confidence interval of 27.3%-38.8%. The prevalence of obesity was 2.6% [157] with a 95% confidence interval of 1.7%-3.4%. There was no significant difference between the prevalence of obesity or thinness between the two sexes [P>0.05]. The prevalence of obesity and thinness significantly increased and decreased respectively with aging [P<0.05]. Malnutrition among the students in Dezfool predominantly takes the form of thinness, while obesity is not a serious problem in this population; overall, these findings indicate poor nutritional status. High-risk groups have been identified and they must become the target of interventions by the Health and Education Ministries
Subject(s)
Humans , Obesity/epidemiology , Body Mass Index , Schools , Child , Cross-Sectional Studies , Anthropometry , MalnutritionABSTRACT
Exclusive breast-feeding during the first 6 months of life is the best type of nutrition for the infants in terms of fulfilling their its physical and emotional needs. The incidence of many kinds of infection decreases with breast-feeding. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of exclusive breast-feeding infants aged less than 6 months in Mash'had and to look at some factors that affect breastfeeding. This population-based survey used a stratified cluster sampling method to draw 30 clusters containing a total of 1450 infants aged 7-12 months. Data collection was performed using both questionnaires and interviews with mothers. Exclusive breast-feeding was defined as nursing through the first 6 months of life without any other food intake except drugs and vitamin supplements. The study achieved a response rate of 87.4% in mothers; 51.2% of the infants were male and the remaining 48.8% [618] were female. The overall prevalence of exclusive breast-feeding during the first 6 months was 56.4% with [95% CI: 49.7%-63.2%]. The figure was 57.2% [95% CI: 49.9%-64.4%] for boys and 55.7% [95% CI: 48.7%-62.6%] for girls. In this survey, 91.7% of the infants [95% CI: 88.7%-94.7%] had received breast-feeding immediately after birth. In multiple logistic regression analysis, the mother's age, her awareness of the adequacy of her milk, and advice from others to use formulas were the factors that had a significant relationship with breast-feeding in the first 6 months. Almost 43% of infants had received alternative nutrition such as family food or formula. Considering the important effect of breast-feeding, provision of educational programs by the Health Ministry to raise the mothers' awareness of breast feeding can be a priority in children's health