[Prevalence of nonfluency in second grade school children in Ahvaz]

Nonfluency is one of the most commen childhood disorders. Nonfluency is a disorder of fluency, articulation rate, rhythm, or mixture of these factors. This has unknown etiology and is very complicated. The Aim of this article is studying the prevalence of nonfluency disorder in 8 year children [second grade in school]. This article is a cross-sectional study. The number of participants is 200 children. They were examined by reading, spontaneous speech and descriptive speech tasks. Then, the data were analyzed descriptively and by doing independence t-test. Of 200 samples, 100 children were male and 100 were female. The prevalence rate of nonfluency was 4.5 percent [4 percent for female and 5 percent for male]. Prevalence of stuttering was the same. There was no subject of cluttering. The findings of this study are inconsistent with the result of the study performed in Amene institute in Tehran, and Menson's study in Denmark 2000

[Effects of using mitomycin-C in treatment of benign esophageal strictures]

Using bouginage or balloon dilatation is the standard treatment for benign esophageal strictures. About two-thirds need repeated dilatations. For preventing recurrent strictures, many medications such as mitomycin-C have been used. Mitomycin-C is a special antibiotic with anti-neoplastic characteristics, which inhibits fibroblast proliferation, reduces collagen production and decreases scar formation. In this study, 12 patients with benign esophageal stricture during Azar 1386 to Bahman 1387 in Imam Khomeini Endoscopy Department were included. Esophageal endoscopy was done and mitomycin-C was applied on the place of stricture using a cotton ball. Then, response to treatment was categorized in three groups of complete response, partial response and non-response to treatment. Average number of using mitomycin-C was 4 +/- 3 times. Mean interval between endoscopies before using mitomycin-C was 3.5 +/- 1 weeks and after using this agent was 8.5 +/- 4.3 weeks. There were 4 cases of complete response, 5 cases of partial response and 3 patients of non-response. Conservative treatments in management of benign esophageal strictures are preferred to more invasive treatments. However, it seems using a topical solution of mitomycin-C carries better responses and reduces the rate of recurrent dilatations

Study on wastewater treatment systems in hospitals of Iran

Nowadays, water resources shortage is one of the most important issues for environmental engineers and managers as well as its conservation due to population growth and ever-increasing water demands. Besides, hospital wastewater has the same quality as municipal wastewater, but may also potentially contain various hazardous components. In this paper, physical and chemical specifications of produced wastewater in hospitals of Iran were investigated experiments. Results were compared with the effluent parameters of wastewater standards of Iranian Department of the Environment. 70 governmental hospitals from different provinces of Iran were selected by purposive [non-random] sampling method. For data analysis, SPSS and EXCEL softwares were applied. The findings of the study showed that 52% of the surveyed hospitals were not equipped and 48% were equipped with wastewater treatment systems. The mean of Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand and Total Suspended Solids of the effluent of wastewater treatment systems were reported as 113, 188 and 99 mg/E respectively. Comparison of the indicators between effluents of wastewater treatment systems and the standards of Departments of the Environment, showed the inefficiency in these systems and it was concluded that despite the recent improvements in hospital wastewater treatment systems, they should be upgraded based on the remarks in this paper

[Evaluating the solid waste management of hospitals affiliated with Shaheed Beheshti Medical University]

Due to threatening of public health, Collection, separation and sanitary disposal of hospital solid waste are important. This research was performed to evaluate the management of hospitals' solid waste affiliated with Shaheed Beheshti Medical University during 1384. In this descriptive study the status of solid waste management of 13 hospital affiliated with Shaheed Beheshti Medical University was evaluated using a questionnaire in association with technical observation and interview. During the summer and winter, weighting the solid waste were performed in "Ayatollah Taleghani" and "Massih Daneshvari" Hospitals for three continual days and data were analyzed using SPSS program. 64.2% of hospitals were using bucket and plastic bags for keeping their solid waste. 30.8% of hospitals were collecting their solid waste manually. In 46.2% of hospitals, utilities using for collecting the solid waste were not being disinfected. 15.4% of hospital did not have any temporary place for keeping solid waste .27.3% of temporary places had only water tab and sewer pipe without having refrigerating room. 7.7% of hospital had just an open temporary-solid waste storage. In 25% of hospital which were producing radioactive solid wastes, collect their radioactive solid waste with normal solid ones. Radioactive solid waste containers in 50% of hospitals were not made form lead. None of hospitals had necessary and safety facilities. In 38.5% of hospital, loading of solid wastes were performed manually. In 15.4% of hospitals solid wastes were recycled. 42.3% of them were not separating their infected solid wastes from ordinary ones. 15.4% of hospitals did not have any special bags for separating infected solid wastes. In 92.3% of hospitals both infected and ordinary solid waste were carried out together. None of the hospital had hazardous less process for solid wastes. 79.6% of hospitals had workers without special education. Daily average of production volume of solid waste in these hospitals was measured 6426.9 liters. In "Ayatollah Taleghani" and "Massih Daneshvari" Hospitals 407.41 Kg of solid wastes were produced, whilst 49.7% of these solid wastes were infected. Results show that the management condition of solid waste in the studied hospitals is not satisfactory. Methods for disinfecting hospital waste should be studied. Separation of hazardous solid waste from ordinary solid waste should be performed, precisely. Education of hospital workers should be seriously followed