[ effects of breast feeding on pain of injection in newborns]

Pain control in newborns is one of the important tasks, which produced many controversies in pediatric medicine. Nowadays, it is proposed the usage of non-pharmacologic pain control methods. This study has been done to investigate the effect of breast feeding on pain control in newborns. A clinical trial was designed to evaluate analgesic effect of breast-feeding during injection of hepatitis B vaccine. 130 newborns had been referred for hepatitis B vaccination, were selected from Mirza Kochak Khan Hospital, Tehran, Iran. After describing the procedure was described the testimonial was took from parents. They were divided randomly in two groups. In cases group, feeding was begun two minutes before injection and continued for 45 seconds. In the control group injection was made without breast feeding. Pain assessment was performed with Douler Aigue Nouveaune [DAN] scale. In the case group 35.4% of newborns got 4 points and no one got more than 7 points according to DAN scale. In contrast the control group 32.4% got 8 points or more and no one got less than 3 points. The mean of pain severity in case group was 3.5 and in control group was 6.7 and it show significant difference according to Mann-Whitney U test [p<0.0001]. This study shows that breast-feeding can significantly reduce pain in newborns. Therefore, we suggest this simple method generally for all painful procedure to prevent the development of possible permanent psychological effects in newborns

[Effect of preventive education of STD based on health belief model in the couples]

Health Promotion and Prevention of disease are two important aims of health programs. Despite many efforts which have been done for health promotion, sexually transmitted diseases is yet one of the societies health problem today. The educational and teaching efforts, can confine these infections which seems health educational models, such as health belief model; has a key role in this matter. This study was a semi - experimental survey conducted in case - control method. Sampling size included 30 couples in each group that was selected randomly. The couples in the experimental group were educated based on health belief model, during two 30 minutes educational sessions and the couples in the control group participated in the routine counseling classes. The data of this research was gathered by a questionnaire in two stages; before and 4 month after education, then was analyzed by SPSS software. The results of this study indicated that there was no significant differences between two groups in demographic characteristics and agent of health belief model [perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers of STDs]. Comparing of those two groups indicated that after education, there were significant differences between perceived susceptibility [p<0.0001], severity [p<0.0001], benefits [p<0.0001], barriers [p<0.002] and practice [p<0.009]. Findings of this study showed that education through health belief model was effective in preventing STDs. Then this educational model can be applied in educating adolescents and other people for preventing STDs

[Graphic analysis of labor progression]

Pregnancy and delivery are special events in women's and their family's life. Although pregnancy is a natural phenomenon and not a disease, sometimes it can be associated with several dangers to the mother and her fetus. Maternal death is a global finding and its five most important causes are bleeding, infection, hypertension, prolonged labor and abortion in unsanitary condition. Early diagnosis of abnormal labor progression and prevention of prolonged labor can reduce the risk of postpartum bleeding and infection. The chart of labor called [Partograph] has been introduced and applied since 1970 to help diagnosis of the abnormal labor and cephalopelvic disproportion. Partograph is an early alerting system which can prevent probable difficulties in different stages of labor through recording of all of the observations and examinations on one chart, so that mother can be referred as soon as possible to higher levels of health services

[Effect of education on the knowledge and applying folic acid supplement in women at reproductive ages]

Introduction: folic acid is one of the most important vitamins for women of reproductive ages, especially before conception and during pregnancy. Many researches have shown the role of folic acid in prevention of fetal malformations especially neural tube defects, anemia, cardiovascular disease and some cancers

Material and Methods: this research is a semi-experimental study. A sample of 130 married women at reproductive ages [15-45 year] referring to health centers in Kermanshah was selected randomly. The tool for collecting data was questionnaire. After filling the pretest questionnaire, each woman participated in a face to face 15 minutes educational session. Two weeks later the same questionnaire was filled by the participant. To analyze the data, the descriptive statistics, frequency distribution charts, the mean and central tendency as well as validating statistics [2 test and t test] was used

Results: the results indicated that there was a statistically significant difference in amount of knowledge [p

Conclusion: the amount of information and usage of folic acid supplement increased significantly after education. This finding reveals the importance of health education and the important role of health personnel such as midwives. Therefore, it is suggested that women of reproductive ages be informed of importance of taking folic acid supplement