[Effects of mouthwashes on color stubitity of hleached teeth]

Background and Aim: Bleached teeth are susceptible to discoloration. The aim of this study was to evaluate discoloration of bleached teeth following short-term use of several mouthwashes.

Materials and Methods: In this In-vitro experimental study, 48 extracted maxillary central incisorswere selected and divided into four groups of 12. All the teeth were subjected to external bleaching with 38% hydrogen peroxide [H2o2]. After bleaching, the teeth were immersed in in distilled water [control group or group 1], chlorhexidine [CIx; group 2], Irsha [group 3] or Persica [group 4] for three, seven and 14 days. The color change was assessed by a spectrophotometer at each time point and reported as INCREMENT El, INCREMENT E2 and INCREMENT E3. The results were analyzed by paired t-test, repeated measures ANOVA, one-way ANOVA and LSD test.

Results: Different mouthwashes [p:0.0a3] and immersion times [p:0.03g] caused significantly variable color change in bleached teeth. After 14 days of immersion, the color change of samples in Persica group had significant differences with that of other goups [p<0.000]. The results of repeated measures ANOVA was only significant for the persica group indicating significant color change over time. Thus, paired t-test was applied for pairwise comparison of the time points, which revealed significant differences between INCREMENT EI and INCREMENT E3 and also INCREMENT E2 and INCREMENT E3 [p<0.0S].

Conclasion: Persica mouthwash would cause significant discoloration in recently bleached teeth.

Factors influencing range of motion after total knee arthroplasty

The range of motion after a total knee arthroplasty is an important clinical outcome affecting the life of the patient. The aim of this study was to determine the most important factors influencing the postoperative knee flexion in Tehran, Iran. Between July 2007 and January 2009, on 95 cases of total knee joint replacement [89 patients], who were followed for 1 year postoperatively, the risk factors were assessed. Patient demographics [sex, age, body mass index, previous surgery, preoperative Knee Society System score, and preoperative range of motion] as well as radiographic measurement for preoperative tibiofemoral angle were statistically analyzed and the probable predictors entered into a linear regression model. Univariate analysis showed that age, preoperative flexion angle, preoperative flexion arc and preoperative tibiofemoral angle had significant correlation with the postoperative flexion angle. The linear regression model on the other hand revealed that preoperative flexion angle and preoperative tibiofemoral angle were the true predictors of the postoperative flexion angle with coefficients of 0.64 and -0.21, respectively. Better range of motion before the surgery with a lower tibiofemoral varus/valgus angle were more likely to result in a better range of motion after the surgery, suggesting that an appropriate timing for the surgery when the knee joint is still in a better function can lead to a better outcome

Malaria screening of blood donor in Zahedan

Transfusion transmitted malaria is an ever present risk in endemic areas and the real threat for blood safety. There is a need for an effective malaria screening program and development of donor deferral criteria for the country. We evaluated the potential usefulness of Elisa screening for malaria antibody and antigen, thick and thin blood film, and polymerase chain reaction [PCR] among Zahedan blood donors. A total number of 384 blood donors in Zahedan in 2009 were screened for malaria parasite by thick and thin blood film using giemsa staining technique, Elisa antibody and antigen test, and PCR. The overall malaria antibody prevalence was 4.7%. In blood donors living in endemic regions, where there were reports for local Malaria transmission, the rate was 7.9%. The results of all antigen test, thick and thin blood films, and PCR were negative. The present donor deferral system seems optimal at present; however, a small risk of transfusion transmitted malaria remains. In an endemic region like Sistan and Baluchestan the use of Elisa antibody test was an interesting alternative for the screening of blood donors

[Evaluation of complication after treatment of femoral neck fracture by method of internal fixation]

The incidences of femoral neck fracture are increasing. According to its high complication and lack of enough study about this subject in our country, we decided to perform this study. In this cross-sectional observational study, we evaluated 80 patients with femoral neck fracture who referred to Hazrat-e-Rassol hospital and underwent Internal Fixation from 1383-85. The patients were followed at least one year after surgery. [15%] non-union, 3 patients [3.75%] infection, and 28 patients [35%] pain and claudication. The co: 29 patients [36.3%] had at least one complication: 19 patients a vascular necrosis [23.8%] AVN, 12 patients mplication rate was lower in base fractures than subcapital and transcervical. [p=0.019] In patients without displacement, there was not any complication but 29 of 65 patients with displacement had complication [p=0.001]. The rate of complication became higher when the quality of reduction and fixation was poor [p=0.000]. According to results of this and previous studies, we recommend more attention about the quality of reduction and fixation. Also because the rate of complication was high in group with displacement, the hip arthroplasty should be considered in these patients and patients above 65-year-old with displace fracture

[Evaluating demographic factors influencing outcome of ACL reconstruction using patellar and medial hamstring tendons]

Background: since anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] reconstruction become more frequently carried out, expectation of less morbidity and earlier return to activities become higher; for this reason defining influencing factors on outcome for selecting patients is valuable. The aim of this study is to investigate demographic factors influencing outcome of ACL reconstruction

Materials and Methods: we evaluate the clinical results of 187 patients who underwent patellar and hamstring techniques for ACL reconstruction, considering height, weight, BMI, gender, and age as assessed by history, instability tests, KT 1000 knee arthrometer, Lysholm and IKDC score, and MRI and compare them. Majority of patients were followed and evaluated 6 months [92%] and 3 years [84%] after arthroscopic reconstruction

Results: there were no differences between the study groups considering these two surgical techniques and demographic factors preoperatively. Our comparison has shown less satisfaction in the results while BMI was increased, but there were no differences between male and female in the outcome. However, results of reconstruction in the patients over 40 years old were favorable, but there were more complications in the patellar tendon group

Conclusion: obesity was a factor resulted in more complications and unsatisfactory. Gender was not a reason for making any difference between patients, and outcomes of both male and female were the same. Results of patients over 40 years old were a good reason for performing reconstruction at these ages, but since complications of patellar technique were noticeable, it is a good reason for surgeons to prefer hamstring technique in elderly

Application and evaluation of PCR in detection of malaria in donors of transfusion centers in Sistan-Baloochestan province in 2002

After hepatitis and AIDS, malaria is the most prevalent transfusion outcome in endemic areas. Presence of asymptomatic carriess of malaria parasites in the endemic areas can be a source of infection in transmission of malaria by blood transfusion. Prevention of malaria caused by blood transfusion depends on screening blood donors and deleting infected blood samples. To screen blood samples, parasitological, serologic and molecular methods have been applied. In this study 120 blood donors in Iranshahr in Sistan-Baloochestan province were tested with different methods of thick and thin blood films, Immuno-Fluorescent Antibody Test [IFAT], and Polymerase Chain Reaction [PCR]. The result of all thick and thin blood films were negative. IFAT by using P.vivax antigen and P.falciparum antigen for 38 and 6 donors respectively showed a titre of antibody equal to +/- 1/20-1/320 [17 of the former group and 4 of the latter had a history of malaria infection]. The PCR assay using silica for DNA extraction and using P .falciparum specified primers with sensitivity rate equal to 2-3 parasites per microlitre of blood was negative for all subjects under study. This study showed, although microscopic examination of blood smears was inexpensive and simple, but it is labor-intensive and time-consuming that makes it insensitive for detection of low-level parasitemia in asymptomatic donors and for screening a large number of specimen. IFAT would not always show the real existence of parasites and in spite of simplicity and sensitivity because of its disability to be automated is not suitable for screening a large number of specimen. On the other hand, IF AT in individuals with malaria history and absence of parasites in their blood may be positive for a long period. It was approved that molecular methods such as PCR were more sensitive and more specific than conventional microscopic examination and their great advantage was the ability to detect the infection with low-level parasitemia that may have been distinguished by blood films examination. In the present study, probably because of low number of specimen or limited study duration with PCR method, or probably since parasitemia exiting in the subjects under study was less than 2-3 parasites per microlitre of blood, we were not able to detect positive cases

Mini-pool screening for HCV infection in Iranian blood donors: preliminary results

Screening the blood donors for serological markers reduced the incidence of transfusion transmitted infections especially post-transfusion hepatitis C. However, there remains residual risk due to pre-seroconversion period. HCV RNA [PCR] of blood donations reduced theresidual risk of transfusion-transmitted HCV infection. In this study, blood donations werescreened for HCV RNA by RT-PCR method.An extra plasma sample was collected from 1026 blood donors. 1000 out of 1026 sampleswere negative for HBsAg, anti-HCV [EIA, third generation], anti-HIV and RPR. Every 5samples were pooled. The sensitivity of HCV-RNA detection by RT-PCR method was 380geq/ml according to Proficiency VQC panel. 1000 donations in 200 pools were tested.False reactivity of samples considered positive accounts for 5.5% of cases, and 5.5% were invalid due to non-specilic bands. 6% of the pools were false-positive. A false positive result was defined as positive on initial testing but negative on repeat single testing. However, all ofthe samples were negative for HCV RNA by RT-PCR method.No sample was found to be serologically negative and HCV RNA positive. However, further studies are recommended for further clarification