Personality traits of the adjusted and maladjusted medical students in punjab medical college, Faisalabad, Pakistan

Objective: The study was designed to examine the association between the personality traits and adjustment level of medical students

Method: 190 medical students from Punjab Medical College, Faisalabad participated in this study through purposive convenient sampling technique. Personality traits were measured through Gordon Personal Inventory [GPI] and Gordon Personal Profile [GPP], while adjustment and mal adjustment was assessed through Rotter's Incomplete Sentences Blanks [RISB]. The results were obtained through chi square statistics on SPSS version 17

Results: Results showed that out of 190 medical students 173 students [91%] were well adjusted. While 17 students [9%] obtained RISB scores above the cutoff point hence they were labeled as mal adjusted. Hypothesis testing with Chi square test has shown statistically significant differences in the scores on the trait of responsibility, cautiousness, personal relationship and vigor among adjusted and mal adjusted medical students. Mal adjusted students were seen associated with below average scores on all previously mentioned traits

Conclusion: The traits of responsibility, cautiousness, personal relationship and vigor are crucial for the adjustment in the society. So the parents and teachers should play their part in improving the fabric of the society by the means of building and emphasizing upon the sense of responsibility, cautious behavior, balance in personal relationships, and vigor in daily tasks among their children and students so that they may become well-adjusted in the society

[Effect of tramadol adiministratian previous to induction of general anesthesia on prevention of postoperative shivering]

Shivering is a common post anesthetic complication. The relative efficacy of pharmacologic interventions used for the treatment of postoperative shivering is not well understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of administration of a 1mg/kg single dose Tramadol to induction of anesthesia in order to prevent post-anesthetic shivering. In this randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial, 60 patients which were classified based on American Association of Anesthesiologists [ASA] to physical status I or II selected for elective abdominal gynecologic surgeries by general anesthesia [GA]. Before induction of anesthesia, 30 patients [study group], received a single dose of 1 mg/kg intravenous Tramadol, and the other 30 patients [placebo group] recieved 0.9% saline. 3 patients [10%] of the study group and 17 patients [56.66%] of the placebo group experienced post anesthesia shivering [P<0.0001]. Incidence of pain in the immediate postoperative period was significantly higher in the placebo group [90% vs 23.33% of patients respectively; P<0.0001]. No significant difference was observed in the incidence of postoperative adverse effects between the two groups. This study supports administration of single dose of 1 mg/kg Tramadol, prior to induction of general anesthesia in prevention of postanesthetic shivering

Identification and preservation of the external laryngeal nerve during thyroid surgery: surgical and anatomic considerations

Iatrogenic injuries of external branch of superior laryngeal nerve [EBSLN] during thyroid surgery are not uncommon due to the possibility of anatomic variations in the relationship of this nerve with superior thyroid vessels and the result may be devastating to those patients who rely on their voices professionally. The study included 2 groups. Group A was a prospective nonrandomized analytical series of all consecutive patients undergoing thyroidectomies for various conditions in Surgical Unit II, Shaikh Zayed Postgraduate Medical Complex, Lahore, Pakistan during a three years period [November 2004 - November 2007]. This group consisted of 133 patients. Male to female ratio was 1:3. Mean age was 35.22 years [range: 17-71 years]. Ninety one [68.42%] patients had bilateral dissection [total, sub-total or neartotal thyroidectomies] and 42 [31.57%] had unilateral dissection [hemithyroidectomy I lobectomy and isthumusectomy]. Thus, a total of 224 superior polar dissections were carried out. Three [3 .296 %] patients out of the 91 patients in the bilateral dissection group had asymmetrical nerves. Eighty one [60.9%] patients had benign disease, 32 [24.06%] had malignancy and 20 [15.03%] had toxic goiter. Nerve could not be identified in 42 [18.75%] polar dissections [positive identification in 182 [81.25%] polar dissections]. Three [2.25 %] patients in this study had clearly documented EBSLN injury as determined by voice changes, patient interview and IDL. In Group B, the anterior neck triangles of 19 embalmed human cadavers [i.e. 38 neck half preparations] of both sexes and variable ages with neither enlarged thyroid glands nor any other signs of abnormality in this region were dissected in the dissection halls of two medical colleges in Lahore. The course and topographical relations [especially in relation to the superior thyroid vessels, superior pole of the thyroid and the cricothyroid muscle] of the EBSLN as well as bilateral asymmetry were noted as for Group A. Nerves were classified according to classification of Cernea et al. Good knowledge of the anatomy and relations of the EBSLN with meticulous dissection and ske letonisation and individual ligation of the superior polar vessels is the key to success

Escherichia coli in meat products

One hundred samples of eaw meat products, fresh minced meat, fresh sausages, frozen beefburger and basterma slices, 25 each, were collected from different markets in Cairo. The samples were examined for determination of the incidence and enumeration of E. coli by using direct plate count technique [DPC] and multiple tube fermentation technique [MPN] as well as biochemical and serological identification of the enteropathogenic E. coli. The incidences of E. coli were 26% and 30% of the examined meat products by using DPC and MPN respectively. The incidence of E. coli in minced meat sausage, frozen beef burger and basterma slices was 44%, 40%, 12% and 8% by using DPC, and 48%, 48%, 16%, and 8% by using MPN respectively. Of 30 E. coli isolates, 12 [40%] possessed the classic enteropathogenic E. soli serovars O[124]:K[72] 4 strains O[68]:K[61], O[44]:K[74] [2 strains each], O[25]:K[11], O[78]:K[80], O[111], K[58], O[127]:K[63] [one strain each]. Principles for production of meat products of good microbiological quality were discussed as well as public health significance of EPEC

Management of an outbreak of keratoconjunctivitis in sheep

Clinical and microbiological examinations were conducted on both eyes of 36 eyes of 36 adult sheep of both sexes showing acute attacks of bilateral keratoconjunctivitis. Strep. pyogenes, E. coli and Kleb. pneumoniae were the most predominant isolated bacterial invadors. These were all highly sensitive to chloramphenicol which was adopted in three different therapeutic programs. High therapeutic efficacy was obtained by using the drug both topically and through subconjunctival injection. Particular emphasis was given to the environmental predisposing factors in order to minimize the incidence of the disease

Mastitis in dairy buffaloes due to klebsiella pneumoniae and in association with other common causative organisms

Milk samples were collected from 37 clinically and 44 subclinically mastitic buffaloes at SAKHA localities for bacteriological examination. K. pneumoniae was isolated in pure cultures with incidence of 5.40% and 9.10% from clinically and subclinicaily mastitic buffaloes respectively, and in association with Strept. agalactiae, Strept. dysgalactiae and Candida albicans with incidence of 10.81% and 17.64% from clinical and subclinical cases respectively. Serological examination of the isolated K. pneumoniae strains from both types of mastitis revealed that capsular type 2 was most common [7 strains]. Type 4 was also found in milk of buffaloes associated with clinical and subclinical mastitis, while types 5 and 6 were associated only with subclinical mastitis. Candida albicans was isolated either in single infection or mixed infection of clinically and subclinically mastitic buffaloes with total incidence of 29.72 and 34.90% respectively. A variety of other common microorgansims were isolated from diseased samples like, Strept. agalactiae, Strept. dysgalactiae, Strept. pyogenes, Staph. aureus and haemolytic and non-haemolytic E. coli in their order of frequency. The public health aspects of isolated K. pneumoniae and Candida albicans from mastitic buffaloe milk have been thoroughly discussed. Gentamycin, kanamycin and neomycin were found to be highly effective against K. pneumonia and E. coli. All gram-positive isolates exhibited a high degree of sensitivity towards erythromycin, penicillin-G, tetracycline and amipicillin respectively, while Candida albicans was only sensitive to nystatin

influence of some disinfectants on Klebsiella organisms

The disinfectant effect of phenol, ditol, formalin, iodine watery solution, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and isopropyl alcohol was tested by the suppression test against different Klebsiella biotypes. The bacteriostatic activity of the tested disinfectants was evaluated by determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] in relation with the time of exposure

Klebsiella infections in calves

Klebsiella organisms were isolated from the faeces of 47 calves with severe diarrhea and the internal organs of 23 dead calves with gastroepteritis, pneumonia or septicaemia. In 25 cases klebsiella could be isolated in pure cultures, in the remaining cases klebsiella was associated with other organisms particularly E. coli and Enterobacter. The intrapetitoneal injection of klebsiella in mice caused death in 24-48 hours. The pathological changes in dead calves and mice are described. All 70 isolates of klebsiella were sensitive to gentamycin and resistant to penicillin. The sensitivity against other antibiotics varied between 17 and 95%