[Survey the frequency of first three formants of Persian vowels in patients with vocal polyps]

This study compared the vowel formants frequency in polyp patients with normal individuals in sustained vowels. This study is cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical. Variables are: Average of first, second and third formants in six vowels of Persian. These parameters were investigated in patients with vocal fold polyps and normal subjects. People were selected from the age group of 20 to 40 years. Samples of the study included 10 patients with natural sound [5 female and 5 male] and 10 patients with polyps [5 female and 5 male]. In men and women with vocal fold polyps, the highest and lowest values of first formant [F1] is in vowel / a / and / u /. Maximum and minimum values of second formant [F2] in both are in the / e / and / u / and maximum and minimum values of third formant [F3] vowels are in / u / and / e /. First and second formants of Persian vowels differ in normal voice and vocal fold polyps] p=0.028 [however, this was not the case in the third structure [p=0.59]. Considering the structures are useful in the diagnosis and F1 and F2 can be considered more in objective evaluations

[Auditory processing in specific language impairment]

Language acquisition is one of the most common important learning in child's life. Many children do little effort to learn language. However, some of them encounter difficulties in language acquisition, without any impairment in neurological, cognitive, sense, emotional and enviremental aspects. These children are called as having specific language impairment [SLI]. Many Researches have been performed in this field to investiagtethe problem in language learning in these children. In this study, investigations focusingd on auditory processing in specific language impairment have been reviewed. A review of the latest literature on the subject of auditory processing in specific language impairment was performed using Science Direct and Google Scholar, data bases, between 1960-2013. In SLI children we see Auditory processing disorder has been observed in SLI children accompanying with functional and anatomical differences in some parts of central auditory nervous system

Conditions affecting quality of nursing care in burn centers of Tehran

Nursing care in burn centers requires a heavy work which is influenced by many factors. The quality care of nurses as the largest group care providers in burn centers is of great importance and complexity and pan dimensionality of the care in these centers requires multiple interpretations that necessitate exploring and describing the perspectives of whom involved in care giving to understand the factors affecting the quality of care. The study was carried out with the aim of exploring and describing the factors involved in quality nursing care in burn centers of Tehran. Grounded theory was used as method. Thirty- eight participants were recruited through purposeful and theoretical sampling. Data were generated by unstructured interviews and participant observations. Constant comparison was used for data analysis. Data revealed that two categories of structural factors including intra and extra organizational conditions have influenced the quality of care. Intra organizational conditions included conditions related to administrators, staff, financial problems, workload, team members, facilities and equipments, environmental elements, and patients. Extra organizational conditions included self-management of burn centers, lack of supportive organizations for patients and heavy expenses of treatment, high living expenditure and low salary of governmental personnel, lack of employment permission, inattention of senior managers and inspectors to the work processes and their over attention to documentation, troublesome rules related to official violations, physicians governorship, and negative social perspective into nursing profession. Interaction between intra and extra organizational conditions resulted in physical and psychological stress, loss of motivation and dissatisfaction of staff nurses and poor quality of care. Findings were suggestive of correcting and modifying the intra and extra organizational factors and implementing stress reduction programs

[Prevention of harm to patients or to nurses: a major moral conflict for nurses in the context of ethical decision making]

Factors such as improved medical technology, resource allocation, increasing costs, the rights of individuals and the changing roles of nurses can result in ethical conflicts that demand the ability of nurses to recognize moral dilemmas and conflicts and to make appropriate ethical decisions. The aim of this article is to explain the concept of patient or nurse harm in the context of ethical decision making in patients care. This study was conducted using the Grounded Theory method. The participants were 17 Iranian nurses, who work in hospitals of universities of medical sciences. The data was gathered using semi-structured, unstructured and in-depth interviews. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and simultaneously and were coded according to the Strauss and Corbin method in open, axial and selective coding. Preventing harm to patients or to nurses is one of the major moral conflicts for nurses in ethical decision making. For nurses, the concept of harm is a process which consists of a prediction, a prevention and an outcome that may be harmful or non-harmful. The outcome may affect either the nurse or the patient or both. It seems that the context of ethical decision making plays a major role in moral conflicts for nurses and the outcome of this process. Participants believed that the context of ethical decision making is a major factor in nurse's moral conflicts and in the prevention of harm to themselves or to the patients. Therefore, it is necessary that nurses consider the context of ethical decision making in their moral decisions and resolutions to conflicts. Also, structures with agents and nursing managers must attempt to reform and improve the context especially for structural conditions so nurses could make better decisions without conflict and moral distress

Patient advocacy properties

Patients' vulnerability calls for advocacy to be done during hospitalization. Although all members of health care team may advocate patients, nurses show more commitment and tendency towards patient advocacy. Nursing profession has embraced patient advocacy role for nurses, however, what advocacy is needs to be more clarified. This study aims to investigate the patient advocacy perception among Iranian nurses, over 2004. This qualitative study was conducted through Grounded Theory Method. Participants were 24 nurses [clinical nurses, head nurses, supervisors] working in Rasoul Akram hospital affiliated with Iran medical university. Semi-structured interview was used to gather data. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and constant comparative analysis was used simultaneously according to Strauss and Corbin method. One of the main categories emerged during data analysis process was "perception of patient advocacy". This category and its sub-categories dealt with perceptions regarded advocacy by the participants in this research and consisted of performances like informing and educating, valuing and respecting, supporting, protecting and persistent care, follow-up and coordinating. Nurses consider advocacy as an ethical duty and one of their professional roles. Participants also believed that they acted as patient's advocate through performing various activities. Hence, harmonized attempts in educational, research and nursing management units are essential to professionalize the role

[Study of enamel organ morphogenesis in the rat during fetal and postnatal period]

Introduction: Although in recent years, the dental condition of many animal models was used for odontogenesis study and survey but still knowledge about many changes of odontogenesis such as amelogenesis and morphogenesis of enamel organ is insufficient

Objective: ?Therefore in this present study, it was tried to study the amelogenesis and ameloblast differentiation during embryonic and postnatal periods in wistar rat

Materials and Methods: Amelogensis process and ameloblast differentiation along developing molar teeth of embryonic [E15-E20] and postnatal [1-10] days in the rats were investigated by routine staining

Results: Based on data obtained, amelogenesis was first observed in the late embryonic stage [E16]. On day 18th of gestation, organ of mina was differentiated and its developmental processing along to early postnatal period. After that, ameloblast maturation and enamel development continued until 9 postnatal days

Conclusion: Results of research findings indicated that amelogenesis and developmental changes in the wistar rat occurs in the late embryonic period with the phenomena of amelogenin and by the end of one week with secretion of extracellular matrix and odontogenesis, ameloblast differentiation resulted

[Lectin histochemical survey of glycoconjugates role in development of anterior pituitary gland in rat]

Adenohypopliysis originates from the oral ectoderm that first appears as an invagination named Rathkes pouch. The development of the anterior pituitary gland [APG] is dependent on several factors such as induction, interaction with the microenvironment and certain genetic factors. These regulate developmental processes such as cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis. Glycoconjugates e the important components of extracellular matrix and cell surface and have an important key role during embryogenesis. In this study we used lectin heistocliemichal technique as a tool to study distribution of glycoconjugates d their changes during histogenesis of APG. Horse radish peroxidase [HRP] labeled focus specific lectins, from Aleuria aurantia [OFA] Ulex europeus [UEA-I] and Lotus tetragolobus [LTA] were used on 5 micron paraffin sections of rat embryos [n=60] from days 10 of gestation [El0] to the time of birth. The result of this study demonstrated that the reaction of APG cells with OFA started from E, and its reactions increased with proceeding differentiation. Some cells reacted with UEA-1 from Ell and increased to El6 and then decreased afterward. LTA did not react with any cells during development. Our finding also indicated that glycoconjugates with terminal sugar Fucose may play a key role in APG development. In conclusion, the glycoconjugates on the cell surface and extra cellular matrix might be involved in regulation of embryonic development such as APG

[Cell surface molecular differentiation during rat adenohypophysis morphogenesis using lectin histochemistry]

Introduction: It is well known that glycoconjugates on the cell surface of embryonic cells as well as extracellular matrix [ECM] are involved in many developmental phenomena including cell differentiation and maturation. These molecular events have not received proper attention during pituitary cell differentiation. The purpose of this study was to investigate glycoconjugate distribution on cell surface during adenohypophysis embryogenesis

Material and Methods: Using lectin histochemistry, 5microm normalin fixed, paraffin embedded Rat embryonic sections from day 10 to 20 of gestation [N=90] were incubated with different HRP-lectins from Triticum vulgaris [WGA] Arachis hypogaea [PNA] and Griffonia simplicifolia [GSA1- B4] specific for terminal sugars Sialic acid, N-acetyl galactosamine and alpha-D- galactose ofcomplex glycoconjugates respectively. On the basis of intensity of staining that was determined by Gong's method, sections were graded and non-parametric statistical test [Kruskal Wallis] was used to compare differences between samples

Results: The results demonstrated that the reaction of adenohypophysis cells with WGA started from gestational day 13[E13] and increased with proceeding differentiation during the following days [P<0.05]. A few cells reacted with PNA from E13 and increased to E14 [P<0.05] and then identified to E17 and decreased afterward [P<0.05]. GSA1-B4 didn't react with any cells during development. Our findings also indicated that glycoconjugates with terminal sugars sialic acid and N-acetyl galactosamine may play a critical role in adenohypophysis development

Conclusion: The appearance and changes of Glycoconjugates on the cell surface with terminal sugars such as acid sialic and N-acetyl galactosamine may play a key role in tissue interactions and lead to developmental changes in certain embryoniorgans such as adenohypophysis