[ effect of aerobic training on the amount of GFR and excreted of creatinine in patients with chronic kidney]

The main characteristic of kidney disease is the decrease in Glomerular filtration Rate [GFR]. Physical exercise seems to influence GFR and the operation of kidney. The study has been conducted to determine the effect of eight weeks running on treadmills on the amount of GFR and another factor of operation of kidney of patients with chronic renal. Twenty seven subjects were chosen among male patients with chronic renal who had gone to kidney disease clinics. Before the beginning of the exercise period, blood test and 24 hour urine samples were taken and the amounts of the GFR were calculated using the Creatinine Clearance. An exercising program was given to the empirical group including eight weeks running on treadmills with the intensity of 50-80% maximal heart rate, which was practiced thrice a week, each session lasting 30-40 minutes. After the end of the exercising period, blood and urine tests were taken from both control and experimental groups under the same condition. Meaningful differences was perceived in the amount of GFR between control and empirical groups after 8 Week Running on Treadmills [P= 0.03]. There was also a significant difference between excreted creatinine of the 24 hour urine of the control group and empirical group after 8 Week Running on Treadmills [P= 0.003]. But there was no meaningful difference in the amount of creatinine serum [P= 0.8] and serum urea nitrogen [P= 0.1] between control and empirical groups after eight weeks running on treadmills. Aerobic activities could be prevent chronic renal in the first stages. It can also be effective in the prevention or postponement of the development of chronic renal failure

[ effect of 8 week running on treadmills on the amount of blood pressure and excreted albumin protein in patients with chronic kidney]

In Patients with Chronic kidney, hypertension can be transferred to the glomeruli and influence proteinuria. Physical activity seems to effects on the Amount of blood pressure and the increase albumin protein. The study has been conducted to determine the effect of 8 Week Running on Treadmills on the Amount of blood pressure and the excreted albumin protein in Patients with Chronic kidney. It was a quasi-experimental study. The study sample includes: Twenty seven subjects were chosen male Patients with chronic kidney disease [groups of control 15 and experimental 12 subjects]. Regarding their age and the amount of their Glomerular filtration, they were relatively matched and were divided into two groups of control and experimental. An exercising program was given to the experimental group including 8 week running on treadmills with the intensity of 50-80% maximal heart rate, which was practiced thrice a week, each session lasting 30-40 minutes. After the end of the exercising period, blood and urine tests were taken from both control and experimental groups under the same condition. Meaningful differences was perceived in the amount of diastolic blood pressure between control and experimental groups after 8 Week Running on Treadmills [P= 0.001]; The serum albumin rate [p=0.8] and ratio of protein to Cr excretion in 24 hour urine [p=0.7]. Aerobic activity can be an effective measure to control blood pressure and slowed development of renal disease progression and prevent renal complications of hypertension outside cardiovascular disease is like

[Verbal and physical violence on nurses in hospitals of Babol university of medical sciences]

Violence in workplaces threatens safety of personnel. Among health care personnel, nurses are more exposed to verbal and physical violence. The aim of this study was to assess confrontation of nurses with verbal and physical violence in hospitals of Babol University of Medical Sciences. In this field study, all of nurses employed in hospitals of Babol University of Medical Sciences [n=302] were recruited to the study. Data were gathered using standardized questionnaire including four parts. Data were analyzed using descriptive and analytic [Chi square and Fisher's exact test] statistics. More that 70% of the nurses had an experience of violence during their work period. Male nurses were more exposed to violence than the female nurses. Most of the violence was done by patients' relatives [40.4%]. The results showed that most of the participants had the experience of violence done by patients' relatives. In order to minimize violence in hospitals, preventive strategies including proper management, proper protection, and public education should be considered

Phytoremediation potential of Populus alba and Moms alba for cadmium, chromuim and nickel absorption from polluted soil

Metal pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems resulting from human activity. Phytoremediation utilizes plants to uptake contaminants and can potentially be used to remediate metal-contaminated sites. The present study investigates heavy metal uptake [Cd, Cr, and Ni] from soil by different organs of Populus alba and Moms alba. For this purpose, Cd [40, 80, and 160 mg/kg], Cr [60, 120, and 240 mg/kg] and Ni [120, 240, and 480 mg/kg] were added to the soil in pot experiments over the course of a growing season in open air. The total concentration of these metals was measured in the roots, stems, green leaves, fallen leaves, and the corresponding soil. Our results show that the highest accumulation of all studied metals was found in the leaves. Furthermore, the fallen leaves had higher concentrations of Cd and Cr in P. alba and Cr and Ni in M. alba when compared to the green leaves. In the two species, Cd and Ni did not transport from the leaves to the roots and stems, or vice versa, in the fall season, but Cr was transported from the roots and stems to the leaves in the 240 and 480 mg/kg treatments.In addition, the determination of a bioconcentration factor and a translocation factor showed that P. alba and M. alba were suitable for phytoextraction of Cd and Ni in all treatments respectively; however, none of the plants was suitable for phytostabilization

[Extraction of optimum parameters of inducing reactive hyperaemia for increasing distensibility of brachial artery]

Nowadays, noninvasive evaluation of dilatation changes of endothelium region under hyperaemia has attracted researchers' notice. But optimum conditions for inducing hyperaemia and proper mechanical parameters based on obstruction stress, obstruction time and time of ultrasonic survey after obstruction release were not reported. This study was designed to extract optimum biomechanical parameters for inducing hyperaemia in brachial artery. First, brachial artety of healthy men were forced under 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 mm Hg for five minutes, and 60 seconds after obstruction release ultrasonic assessment was performed and according to maximum distensibility of brachial artery, optimum obstruction was extracted. Then brachial artery of healthy men were forced under optimum obstraction for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 minutes and optimum obstruction time was extracted. For extracting the optimum time of ultrasonic assessment, brachial artery of healthy men were forced under optimum obstruction pressure and time and then ultrasonic assessment was done in 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 seconds after obstruction release. For extracting diameter changes of artery, maximum systolic velocity, minimum diastolic velocity, and also radial strain and distensibility, multi frames of B-mode and Doppler images were recorded on personal computer. According to ANOVA test, optimum parameters of inducing reactive hyperaemia for increasing distensibility of brachial artery were extracted. Hyperaemia under 150 mm Hg obstruction, for a duration of 4 minutes and 45 and 65 seconds after releasing are the best conditions for ultrasonic assessments. The application of optimum reactive hyperaemia protocol can provide a more accurate noninvasive evaluation of artries' biomechanical parameters

[Assessment of students' research proposals and reports in Qazvin UMS]

Through a checklist 68 proposal and 28 reports of students' researchers submitted to student research committee of QUMS [from 2004 to 2006] were assessed. Most of the researches [48.5%] were medical students. Most of the teachers [72.1%] were from Faculty of Medicine; of these 17.6% were pharmacologist and 11.8% anatomist. Most of the researches [35.5%] were experimental studies. Only 13.2% of their results were published in journals or seminars. The most weakness of the proposals were in "sampling" and "objectives and hypothesis". The weakness of the reports was evident in "abstract". It seems that teachers must advise their students in writing proposals and reports more than before

[Photorefractive keratectomy for myopia; an 8-year follow up study]

To evaluate the 8-year results of excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy [PRK] for myopia in terms of safety, stability and late complications. Of 203 myopic patients who underwent PRK with single-step method using NIDEK EC-5000 excimer laser with 5-6 mm ablation zones at Basir Eye Center, Tehran-Iran from 1996 to 1998, 179 eyes of 98 patients who completed 8 years of follow up were included in this study. Results of follow up examinations at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months and 2 and 8 years after surgery were analyzed. Treated eyes were divided into three groups according to preoperative refractive error: low [ -10.00 D] myopes. Eight years after PRK, emmetropia [within +/- 1 D] was achieved in 69.1%, 30% and 46.15% of the low, medium and high myopia groups, respectively. Although a small myopic shift occurred up to 8 years after surgery, myopic regression stabilized in all groups within 24 months and was correlated significantly to preoperative spherical equivalent refraction. Corneal haze occurred in 5% especially in medium and high myopic groups but cleared within two years in 89% of cases. Only one eye lost two lines of best spectacle-corrected visual acuity due to corneal haze. According to this study, postoperative refraction remains stable two years after PRK and most cases of corneal haze clear within two years after surgery. Therefore, PRK seems to be a safe and stable surgical procedure in myopic patients