[Comparative effects of Alcea sulphurea and bromhexine HCL on mucociliary system of chicken trachea]

Alcea sulphurea [A.S] with various drug effects, especially on mucociliary system as dilutor drug and sputum collection is known. This study examined the comparative effects of A.S and Bromhexine HCL [B.H] on mucociliary system chicken trachea. In this experimental study 30 Leghorn chickens were randomly divided into five groups of six. One group was considered as Control and the other four groups during 12 days received oral B.H, oral A.S extract, nebulas normal saline and Nebulized A.S extract respectively. After 12 days the chicks were killed and the biopsy samples from the middle tracheal were taken for histopathology study using PAS methods under Light microscopy. Finally Image tools 3 Software were used for counting of size and number of mucous glands and cilia. Results of the analysis of data showed a significant increase of number and the size of mucous glands, also the size of cilia in Nebulized A.S group in comparison to Control group, oral B.H, normal saline. The oral A.S extract group showed the increase in numbers and sizes of cilia and mucous glands but they weren't significant. According to more mucolytic effects of A.S extract than Bromhexine HCL and side effects for drugs mucolytic is recommended to be used that respiratory and inflammatory diseases of the A.S extract

Common methods to treat addiction in treatment- rehabilitation centers in Tehran

This study was to determine common methods to treat addiction used by patients checked into Outpatient Treatment and Rehabilitation Clinics in Tehran. The study was conducted in Social Security affiliated outpatient clinics including three governmental and several private centers in 22 districts of Tehran. Demographic data, personal information, social characteristics and information regarding prevention, treatment, and follow-up records of 1,372 patients were obtained and analyzed. A majority of cases referring to the treatment centers were male [95.2%]. Patients were 14 to 75 yr [mean 35.48 +/- 10.57 yr]; 61.7% were married and lived in rented homes in the city; 938/1372 [68.4%] had at least one previous attempt failure when seeking re-treatment. A majority of them [77.8%] had a history of 1 to 4 quit attempts; a number 63.1% had an abstinence period of 1 week to 6 months. The majority of our understudy subjects had a history of previous attempts to treat their addiction with a maximum abstinence period of 6 months

cross-sectional study of the prevalence of coronary artery disease traditional risk factors in Yazd urban population, Yazd healthy heart project

Coronary artery disease [CAD] risk factors are increasing in developing countries. Previous studies have shown a high prevalence of CAD risk factors in Iran but Geographical prevalence is not uniform. The present study was performed to determine the prevalence of CAD risk factors among Yazd urban population. This cross- sectional study performed in 2004, comprised a total 2000 Yazd citizens [1000 males], and the corresponding data were recorded in questionnaires carrying 500 items. About 85% of Yazd citizens had at least one and 61.1% had at least two coronary artery risk factors. The following data in brackets refer to the males and females respectively. The present study showed obesity in 16.38% of Yazd citizens [9.2 and 24.2%]. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia 12.1% [10.6 and 13.8%], dyslipidemia 58.5% [59% and 57.6%], high blood pressure 25.6% [27.5% and 23.5%], diabetes mellitus 11% [10.48% and 11.5%], impaired glucose tolerance test 8.5% [7.9% and 9.1%] and cigarette smoking 13.12% [24.45% and 0.5%]. Also 43.3% of men and 62.05% of women had excess weight. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus [DM], hypertention [HTN], and abdominal obesity increased significantly with age [P< 0.005]. The prevalence of obesity, abdominal obesity, hypercholesterolemia and DM were significantly higher in women. Yazd did not carry the highest levels of risk factors in Iran, but the present study showed excess weight, dyslipidemia and HTN were the most prevalent risk factors found in this region. Thus it is recommended to consider the preventive and therapeutic measures as the major health priorities in this area

Prevalence of traditional coronary artery disease risk factors in Yazd urban population: Yazd healthy heart project

Coronary artery disease [CAD] risk factors are increasing in developing countries. Previous studies have shown a high prevalence of CAD risk factors in Iran but geographical prevalence is not uniform. We performed this study to determine the prevalence of these risk factors in Yazd province, central Iran. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 2000 participants, 1000 men and 1000 women among Yazd citizens, were surveyed and data was recorded in a 500- item questionnaire. About 85% of Yazd citizens had at least one and 61.1% had at least two coronary artery disease risk factors. The present study showed that 16.38% of Yazd citizens were obese [9.2% in men and 24.2% in women], and 43.3% of men an d62.05% of women had excess weight. Prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was 12.1% [10.6 in men and 13.8% in women, respectively], dyslipidemia 58.5% [59% and 57.6%, respectively], high blood pressure [HTN] 25.6% [27.5% and 23.5%, respectively], diabetes mellitus [DM] 11% [10.48% and 11.5%, respectively], impaired glucose tolerance 8.5% [7.9 and 9.1%, respectively] and cigarette smoking 13.12% [24.45% and 0.55, respectively]. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, dyslipidemia, DM, HTN, and abdominal obesity increased significantly with age [p<0.005]. The prevalence of obesity, abdominal obesity, hypercholesterolemia and DM was significantly higher in women. Excess weight, dyslipidemia and HTN were the most prevalent risk factors in Yazd. Although Yazd did not have the highest levels of risk factors in Iran, but the findings showed that Yazd is one of the "at risk" cities with regard to prevalence of risk factors. Preventive and therapeutic programs should thus be considered as a major health priority in Yazd

Serum uric acid levels and its association with cardiovascular risk factors

Although the issue of hyperuricemia as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases [CVD] has been disputed, several studies have shown an association between hyperuricemia and several CVD risk factors. The aim of this study was to assess distribution of uric acid level in Yazd City, center of Iran, and its association with CVD risk factors. From autumn 2004 to summer 2005, 2000 urban population of Yazd City, aging 20-74 years via clustering random sampling were enrolled in this cross sectional study. Serum uric acid level, systolic blood pressure [SBP], diastolic blood pressure [DBP] and waist/hip ratio were significantly higher in men than in women [P < 0.001],moreover, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and body mass index [BMI] were significantly higher in women [P < 0.001]. The prevalence of hyperuricemia and metabolic syndrome in men and women was [17.9%, 11.25% P = 0.001] and [11.87%, 19.32% P= 0.01], respectively. Hyperuricemia was more prevalent in metabolic syndrome and ischemic heart disease independent of age and sex. Significant correlations were found between serum uric acid and several components of the metabolic syndrome. Weight, waist circumstance, triglyceride level and DBP, were the major determinants of the variations in serum uric acid levels. This could be attributed to the insulin resistance status

[Survey the prevalence of dental ankylosis in primary schools children [2006]]

Introduction: Dental ankylosis is one of the local factors that can influence tooth eruption. It always was observed in primary molars. Dental ankylosis might be leads to delay of eruption of successors tooth, ectopic eruption, arch length deficiency and peril the periodontal health of successors and neighboring permanent teeth. Timely diagnosis is imperative in prevention and control of occlusal disturbances

Objective: Investigate the prevalence of dental ankylosis in primary schools children in Rasht

Materials and Methods: This is a descriptive cross sectional study witch was performed on 1023 children in grade two and three. Exist of 1mm infraocclusion in compare to intact marginal ridge of neighboring tooth was consider as diagnostic criteria of ankylosis. In case of difficult diagnosis, occlusion of antagonist teeth and immobility were considered. Data was analyzed according to qui-square test

Results: Prevalence of dental ankylosis was 15%. There was no significant difference between two sexes. Ankylosis was significantly more in mandible [p=0.001]. The most affected teeth were observed first primary molars and the least involved teeth were upper second primary molars. More than 60% of subjects had more than one Ankylosed tooth. 9 aged children had the highest frequency of Ankylosed molars, but not significant between groups. In 2% of subjects, dental ankylosis was in upper larger than normal upper central incisors were observed

Conclusion: According to high prevalence of dental ankylosis in this population during and the importance stage of alveolar growth and clinician's knowledge about the problems is necessary intervention during routine dental examinations to reduce its complications and treatment costs

Diabetes mellitus and bell's palsy in Iranian population

During last decades many researchers have focused on the conditions associated with Bell's palsy including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and viral infections. This study was performed to evaluate correlation of diabetes mellitus and Bell's palsy and some relevant features not discussed in the literature in an Iranian population. The presence of diabetes mellitus was evaluated in a total number of 275 subjects [75 patients with Bell's palsy and 200 control subjects]. Diabetes mellitus was noted in 10 [13.3%] patients with Bell's palsy among which 6 case were diagnosed as new cases of diabetes. Previous history of Bell's palsy was present in 10.67% of the subjects with Bell's palsy. This study confirms the correlation of diabetes mellitus and Bell's palsy for the first time in an Iranian population. We suggest screening tests for diabetes mellitus to be a routine part in the management of patients with Bell's palsy, especially in developing countries

Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in 6 year olds of Yazd city

Attention Deficit hyperactivity Disorder [ADHD] is the most common psychiatric disorder in school age children and has a negative effect on the individual's general functions. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of ADHD in preschool 6 year old children in Yazd in 2005 and the influence of gender, birth weight, birth order and parental education on ADHD. 400 preschool children including 200 boys and 200 girls were selected randomly through sampling method and the data of the cross sectional research was collected via compiled questionnaires based on the DSM-IV criteria and interview of parents. Data of this investigation was analyzed and evaluated using SPSS: 11.5 software. The results showed that general prevalence of ADHD was 16/3% and more in boys [19/5%] than girls [13%]. Most of the parents of the affected children were illiterate or uneducated. There was no statistically significant relationship between gender, birth weight, order and ADHD frequency. In view of the high prevalence of ADHD among children in Yazd and its undesirable outcome, it is recommended to have a preventive mental health program for screening and treatment

[Ankle / brachial index in thrombotic cerebrovascular disease patients]

Previous studies showed that Ankle Brachial Index [ABI] score less than 0.9 increases probability of ischemic heart disease up to 2 times, risk of TIA/ stroke to quadruple, and asymptomatic carotid and popliteal artery stenosis to one and half fold. ABI <0.9 is related with diffuse atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to review ABI findings in patients with cerebral artery disease. This cross-sectional descriptive study was done on 98 patients with thrombotic cerebrovascular accident in Yazd Shahid Sadughi Hospital, between February 2001 and February 2002. A questionnaire including demographic, clinical, and paraclinical data was completed and results were analyzed using descriptive statistics and frequency distribution tables. Forty four percent of the patients were men. Mean age was 73/1 +/- 1/5. ABI<0.9 was seen in 15% of the cases. In patients older than 65 years old ABI<0.9 frequency rate was 12.5% and in patients younger that 65 year old it was 3.1%. There was no significant difference between ABI<0.9 and history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking, and ischemic heart disease. ABI<0.9 was prominently seen in patients with hyperlipidemia [P<0.05]. ABI<0.9 was seen in older ages, hypertensive, smoker, and CAD patients more than the others [P>0.07]. Because of lack of samples in the present study, authors suggest a study with a larger sample group

Analgesic effects of glucose and water in neonates

Several methods have been used to relieve pain in neonates. The objective of this study was to assess the analgesic effect of 50% glucose and water during hepatitis B vaccination. In this randomized controlled trial, 90 term neonates were studied. Infants were randomly assigned to one of the three equal sized groups. First, heart rates were measured by EKG monitor. Then, 2mL of either 50% glucose or sterile water was administered into the mouths of infants in groups one and two, respectively. No intervention was done for group three. During vaccination until three minutes after, crying of babies was taped. Heart rates were measured during injection until 60 seconds. Mean values of duration of crying for glucose, water, and no intervention groups were 21.1 s, 33.3 s, and 56.9 s, respectively, which were significantly different [P= 0.0003]. Post hoc test revealed substantial differences between groups one and three [P= 0.0001] and between groups two and three [P= 0.006]. However, groups one and two were not statistically different [P= 0.19]. Moreover, heart rate did not rise significantly in any of those groups. Both 50% glucose and water showed analgesic effects in neonates

[Clinical and paraclinical characteristics of hospitalized pa talents with congestive heart failure in Yazd [a survey of 258 patients]]

The Clinical and Paraclinical Characteristics of patients with congestive heart failure [CUF] have been described by a number of previous studies, but very little information is available on this issue in Iran. This study aimed to delineate the clinical and paraclinical characteristics of Iranian patients hospitalized with CHF. During an observational, analytical, descriptive, cross-sectional study, 258 consecutive patients were interviewed and examined at S hospitals in Yazd, Iran from January to December 1999.Questionnaire comprised of information regarding etiology, signs, symptoms, paraclinical data, etc. Results were analyzed by SPSS9.01 and EP16 programs using ANOVA, Chi-Square and f-TEST and reported as Mean +/- SD. The study population had a high mean age [67.59 +/- 0.73], 0.8% were less than 35 years old and 70.80% were older than 65 years. Mortality rate due to heart failure was 7.5%. Major causes of CHF were ischemia [65.1%]. valvular lesions [5.8%], cardiomyopathy [5%] and hypertensive heart diseases [4.6%]. Mean number of hospitalizations per year was 2.2 +/- 0.1, while mean hospitalization time was 7.25 +/- 3.8 days and mean cost was 1122439 +/- 89874.8 rials. Even though many background and aggravating factors of heart failure are preventable, this disease incurs a lot of expenditure on our country's health system. Therefore, there is a requirement for programming and research in the fields of education, treatment and prevention of this disease for all members of the community

Effect of glucose - insulin - potassium [GIK] solution on short term prognosis of unstable angina

Unstable angina as a clinical condition includes a major group of patients manifested with acute coronary syndrome. Misdiagnosis of this clinical syndrome causes myocardial infarction [MI] and death. Conventional and advanced forms of treatment are used with the aim of rapid stabilization of unstable angina. Although infusion of glucose - insulin - potassium [GIK] solution has had good results in acute MI, no major trial has studied its effect in unstable angina. The main goal of this study was evaluation of the effectiveness of GIK solution on prognosis of hospitalized unstable angina patients. This randomized clinical trial included patients with class II and III unstable angina [two groups of 94 patients, each] with a mean age of 62.47 +/- 13.20 years and Female /Male ratio of 1.35 admitted in the CCU's of Yazd from September 2003 to May 2004. There was no significant difference between the study and control groups regarding mean age, sex ratio and unstable angina class [P = 0.15, P = 0.77 and P = 0.76]. The study group had significant reduction in recurrent chest pain and duration of hospitalization [P = 0.001 and P = 0.02]. The most common adverse effect ofGIK solution was pain at infusion site. Use of GIK solution causes early stabilization of unstable angina patients without any significant or life threatening adverse effect

Relationship between para clinical findings of first seizure and one year recurrence ra te in children admitted at shaheed Sadoughi hospital-Yazd

Seizure is the most common pediatric neurology problem that occurs in 10% of children. The purpose of this study was to determine the recurrence rate of seizures after one year and its relationship with paraclinical findings of the first attack. In a historical cohort analytic study, 131 children with first seizure admitted to Shaheed Sadoughi Hospital between March 2004 to August 2005 were evaluated for recurrence rate during one year and its relationship with serum levels of sodium, potassium, glucose, calcium, Hb, MCV and PMN during the first attack. 79.4% of cases were in febrile seizure group and 20.6% in first unprovoked seizure group [FUS].Of the total, 27.84% of patients had seizure recurrence [27.9% in febrile and 25.9% in afebrile group]. Mean survival recurrence rate was 10.11 +/- 0.32 SD months [10.25 +/- 0.33 SD months in febrile group and 9.57 +/- 0.83 SD months in FUS]. Survival analysis showed that seizures recurred later in older patients. Younger age and lower Hb levels in the febrile seizure group and lower MCV in the FUS group were associated with an increased risk of recurrence. In this study, anemia and microcytic RBC were risk factors for seizure recurrence. Therefore, more studies should be done so as to decrease seizure recurrence by treating and preventing anemia

[Relation between admission blood glucose levels and in-hospital and one year mortality in non-diabetic acute myocardial infarction patients]

Several studies have evaluated the association of admission blood glucose levels and short and long term mortality after myocardial infarction and have had different results. The aim of this study was evaluation of association between admission blood glucose levels and in-hospital and one year mortality in non-diabetic patients with AMI. In this study, demographic, clinical and Para clinical data of 120 non-diabetic patients with AMI on admission was collected and analyzed. The patients were followed for one year. Blood glucose level >/= 140 mg/dl was defined as hyperglycemia. 78% of patients were men. The mean age and admission blood glucose level was 63 +/- 13 years and 146 +/- 76mg/dl, respectively. Death due to cardio vascular causes was seen in 20% of patients in hospital and 9.8% during the one year follow up. The mean admission blood glucose level in patients who died in hospital was significantly more than live patients and also had an influence on the in-hospital outcome. Every 100mg/dl increase in blood glucose level was associated with 11% increase in in-hospital mortality risk in non-diabetic patients. Our results demonstrate that admission blood glucose level is a good marker for diagnosing patients with worse prognosis after AMI. We suggest that later studies should focus on optimal control of hyperglycemia with insulin in patients with AMI

Comparison of the efficacy of oral [10 and15 mg/kg] and rectal [15 mg/kg] acetaminophen in fever reduction in children

Fever is the most common symptom of patients referring to pediatrics clinics. The first choice for antipyretic medication is acetaminophen with dosage of 10-15 mg/kg every 4-6 hours. We compared the efficacy of oral [10 and 15 mg/kg] and rectal [15 mg/kg] acetaminophen in fever reduction in children. A randomized, controlled trial was performed in 90 patients aged between 6 months and 6 years with fever >/= 39°Celsius. The patients were divided into three groups; Group 1 administerd rectal acetaminophen 15mg/kg, Group 2 oral Acetaminophen 15 mg/kg and Group 3 oral acetaminophen l0mg/kg. The results at the end of the first and third hour were assessed. The rate of temperature reduction at the end of the first and third hour in the group receiving rectal acetaminophen [15mg/kg] was 1.07 +/- 0.16 and 1/74 +/- 0.25, respectively. The rate of temperature at the end of the first and third hour in the group receiving oral acetaminophen [15mg/kg] was 0.98 +/- 0.19 and 1.25 and 1.7 +/- 0.14, respectively. The rate of temperature reduction at the end of the first and third hour in the group receiving oral acetaminophen [10mg/kg] was 0.63 +/- 0.18 and 1.25 +/- 0.22, respectively. There was no significant difference in temperature reduction between the groups receiving oral [15mg/kg] and rectal acetaminophen, but oral acetaminophen [10 mg/kg] was less effective in temperature reduction

[Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of myocardial infarction]

Introduction: In order to schedule the treatment and preventive measures for coronary artery disease, it is necessary to have new evolving informations about epidemiological, clinical, paraclinical and risk factor aspects of myocardial infarction. This study was conducted to provide such new informations about the characteristics of MI in Yazd during 2 years [1998-1999]

Methods and Materials: This study was descriptive and cross-sectional. It was carried out regarding to all cases of MI registered in five CCU in Yazd. Quantitative variables included age, sex, frequency of previous admissions, time interval between the onset of chest pain and CCU admission, clinical manifestations, Killip classification, mortality rates, streptokinase administration and the financial burden during hospital stay

Results: During two years, totally 1071 patients were admitted at CCU among whom 362 were females [33.7%] and 710 were males [66.3%]. The average age for men was 59.64 years old, while it was 66 years old for women. In-hospital mortality rate was 9.1% [17.5% among females and 4.8% among males]. The average age of those who died was 69 years old and of those who survived was 61 years old. 53.3% of patients reached CCU before six hours of the onset of chest pain. 444 patients [46.3%] received streptokinase. 6.8% of those who received streptokinase and 11.2% of those who did not receive streptokinase died during hospital stay [P.Value=0.014]. Clinical manifestation such as chest pain, dyspnea, sweating and nausea with vomiting existed in 90%, 17%, 55% and 40% of cases, respectively

Conclusion: This study indicates that age, Killip class and the duration between pain onset and streptokinase administration are important predictors of in-hospital death in MI patients. It seems that patient education about alarm signs is required. This study may be an introduction for a MI Registration System in Yazd

Artillery shell fragments in the heart: diagnosis and management

Delayed evaluation and management of penetrating cardiac injuries especially mortar fragments were performed in 30 war victims in the Shahid Rajai Heart Hospital, Tehran. All were men with a mean age of 20.7 years. Pleuritic chest pain was the most common symptom [53.3%], while physical examination was negative in the majority of cases [66.8%]. 50 percent of the cases had pericardial effusion on the echocardiogram. The right ventricle was the most frequent site of involvement [26.6%] followed by the left ventricle [16.6%], right atrium, left atrium, aorta [each 13.3%], pulmonary trunk [10%], and inferior surface of the heart [6.6%]. More than half of the cases had associated hemothorax. Shell fragments were removed in all cases but two. Fragments larger than one centimeter in the vicinity of the heart structures in the pericardium are recommended to be removed

Coronary arteriosystemic fistula

Coronary arteriosystemic fistula which drains into the left ventricular cavity is a rare congenital anomaly. A case of double fistulae between the left anterior descending and left circumflex coronary arteries and left ventricular cavity is presented. The patient's chief complaint, chest pain, was attributable to the "steal phenomenon"