[ role of maternal diet on fetal sex selection: a review]

The desire of the human to control the gender of fetus prior to conception has always been important. The aim of this study was to determine the role of maternal diet on fetal gender. In this narrative review study, a comprehensive review of databases including Pubmed, Scirus, Cochrane library, ScienceDirect, MD Consult, google scholar, Iranmedex, Magiran, and SID from 1982 to 2013 was performed. Key words to search databases included fetal sex, sex ratio, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, fructose, eating disorders, sex selection, maternal diet, Ionic diet, fatty acid, calorie, and famine. Results of studies on the effects of nutritional deficiencies and disorders on sex ratio were controversial. Studies showed that a combination of environmental factors such as stress, time of conception and maternal diet had effects on sex ratio. Preconceptional nutritional status of mothers was very important in changing sex ratio. Increasing the intake of K + + Na+ / Ca 2 + + Mg2+ in diet and high calorie diet could increase the ratio of male offsprings. Preconceptional diet was important in fetal sex ratio. However, low sample size in most human studies and the complex mechanisms of sex determination make it difficult to conclude definitively on this issue. Further human studies with larger sample size in this field are suggested

[Effect of ethanolic and watery extract of aerial parts of Stachys lavandulifolia on Trichomonas vaginalis, in vitro]

Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common curable sexually transmitted disease world wide. In view of increased resistance of the parasite to classical drugs of the metronidazole family, the need for new unrelated agents is increasing. In Charmahal va bakhtiare province Stachys lavandulifolia traditionally used for vaginal infection. The study evaluates anti trichmonas activity of of ethanolic and watery extract of aerial parts Stachys lavandulifolia. This study has been carried out as double blind in test and control groups. Etanolic and watery were extracted by hydro distillations. The parasite was isolated from vagina. Sample were collected from vaginal discharges of six patients and cultured in laboratory. Identification were done through direct smear preparation, parasite was added to the 9 test tubes containing metronidazole, etanolic and watery extraction of Stachys lavandulifolia with concentration of [10, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000microL/ml] order to determine the effect of these concentration within 72 hours. Finding suggested that the Trichomonas vaginalis could be alive in TYIS-33, watery and ethanolic extraction within 72 hours. In presence of metronidazole for no alive parasite was detected after 72 hours. Number of parasite in TYIS-33, watery [10, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000microg/ml] and ethanolic extraction [10, 50, 100, 200, 500 and 1000microg/ml] and ethanol was 1504, 1504, 100, 1304, < 100, 577 respectively. Finding demonstrates further studies are required of of Stachys lavandulifolia to evaluate its microbicidal activity against other sexually transmitted infection

[Effects of eucalyptus camaldulensis exracts on trichimonas vaginalis growth in vitro]

Trichimonas vaginalis is a flagellate protozoa that cause trichomoniasis. Metronidazole which is drug of choice for treatment of this infection has many side effects so the patients are unsatisfied with its using, so it is necessary to seek for alternative drugs. Eucalyptus camaldulensis herb with strong anti-microbial affects is considered as an alternative drug. Investigating the effect of Eucalyptus camaldulensis as an alternative drug Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro. Eucalyptus camaldulensis extraction was prepared using perculasion method. In test tubes containing parasite culture medium different concentrations of the plant extract were added. In other test tubes metronidazole or extract solvent as controls were added. 100 live Trichomonas vaginalis added to each tube and all tubes kept in 37°C and tested for presence of the parasite every 24 hours up to 72 hours. For this purpose 10 microliter of each tube examined under microscope. in tubes with higher concentration of Eucalyptus camaldulensis extract and also in tube containing metronidazole no parasite was observed. In negative control tubes parasite had a normal growth. According to results of this study Eucalyptus camaldulensis extract had strong effects on Trichomonas vaginalis growth. Further investigation is recommended to use this plant as alternative drug for treatment of trichomoniasis

[Comparison of perineal repair techniques of continuous and standard interrupted suturing in normal vaginal delivery]

Post-delivery surgical repair of the perineal region is frequently associated with pain and discomfort. The surgical technique may play a role in the intensity of pain and the wound healing process. This study was conducted to compare the influence of applying standard continuous versus interrupted suturing on pain sensation and the frequency of wound infection following episiotomy. In a randomized double blind clinical trial, 148 healthy women with normal vaginal delivery and sustained episiotomy were studied in the Hajar hospital, Shahrekord. In one group, perineal muscles fascia and skin tissues were repaired with continuous non-locking sutures. Standard interrupted locking suturing was applied for the next group. Pain feeling and wound infection were evaluated at 2 hours, 10[th] and 40[th] days of post-delivery by Visual Analog Scale and the signs of discoloration of skin, edema, purulent discharge, and wound dehiscence, respectively. Data were analyzed by t-student, X2 and Mann-Whitney tests. Pain intensity, the amount of consumed suturing material and the allocated time were less in the cases with continuous suturing [P<0.001]. The mean of pain intensity was 2.66 +/- 2.5 versus 3.84 +/- 2.56 and 0.53 +/- 1.63 versus 0.6 +/- 1.04 at 10[th] and 40[th] days after delivery in continuous and standard interrupted suturing groups, respectively [P<0.05]. Signs of wound infection were observed only in 4 cases [12.5%], all of which belonged to the standard interrupted suturing group. There was a statistically significant inter-group difference in terms of the frequency of observed wound infection [P<0.05]. The pain intensity and the chance of wound infection is less in continuous suturing of episiotomy wounds. It also is a safer and more cost-effective method as it lowers the bedding time of the mother and needs for surgical material

[Prevalence of apparent major congenital malformations and some associated factors, in terminated pregnancies in Hajar hospital of Shahrekord, 2005-2006, Iran]

Congenital malformations are a major cause of morbidity and mortality and long term disability in infants. The aim of this study was to determine prevalence of apparent major congenital malformations and some associated factors in terminated pregnancies in Hajar hospital of Shahrekord in 2005-2006. In this cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study, a total of 2854 pregnant women with gestation age of 16 weeks or more who referred to the hospital for termination of pregnancy or delivery was enrolled and interviewed using structured questionnaires. Congenital malformation and other information about their newborns were obtained from hospital chart. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, X[2] T student and logistic regression model. Congenital malformation was observed in 72 of 2854 [2.5%] of the neonates studied. The most common congenital malformation was neural tube defects [19.8%]. There was significant relationship between herbal drug use in first trimester [P<0.001], chronic diseases]P<0.01] environmental smoke [P<0.05], history of malformation in close relationships [P<0.05], proximity to power station [P<0.001] and trauma [P<0.05]. But there was not significant association with maternal and paternal age, parity, gestational age, sex and number of newborn, maternal and paternal jobs, high fever in first trimester, treatment of infertility, problem in pregnancy and congenital malformation. The present study showed a high prevalence of congenital malformation among our population. Therefore, primary preventive programs could be initiated to reduce congenital malformation particularly education of pregnant women to avoid herbal, synthetic drugs, and environmental smoke

[Knowledge of midwives, from Chaharmahal and Bakhtiary province to ward midwifery legal and religious commandments and some of the relevant factors in 2006]

Midwives always encounter the legal and religious orders in their area of work. Regarding progressions made in midwifery, and because of new indications in therapeutic abortion, contraception methods and new infertility managements, many religious commandments are explained from juriseonsults. Midwives are advised to note these legal- religious commandments. The aim of this study was to determine knowledge of midwives about midwifery legal and religious commandments in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiary province. In this descriptive-analytical study, 151 midwives employed in health centers of the province, selected by simple sampling. Data were collected by questionnaires that included demographic characteristics and legal and religious questions. Data were analyzed using statistical tests include [t and Chi-square tests]. Mean age of the individuals studied was 26.9 +/- 7.8 years. Level of education in 66.2% of records was associate degree. Enough knowledge about total legal and religious commandments was seen in only 12.7% of records. Enough knowledge to legal commandments was seen in 15.3% and to religious commandments in 11.3%. 78.1% told that training during education is not enough for their present needs. 88.1% were inclined to train. There was no significant relation between knowledge and age or education of records. Because of low knowledge, need and inclination to train about legal and religious commandments, educational program to train midwives is most recommended. Also revision in matters that are trained to midwifery students is necessary

Correlation between passive smoker mothers and birth weight of infants

Environmental tobacco smoke is one of the contaminating causes of air in closed areas and this can affect human fetus. To detect the correlation between passive smoker mothers and birth weigh of infants. This was a descriptive and analytical study in which 440 parturient women participated. The cases were questioned during the first hours of their post delivery stay in Hajar hospital. Information such as and height of mothers, of mother, number of pregnancies, weight gain in pregnancy, number of cigarettes smoked in presence of mother and also the birth weight of infants were all recorded. Statistical tools such as t-test, X2 and multivariate regression tests were used to analyze the data. Finding: The showed that 161 [36/6%] of mothers were passive smokers. In this group, the mean of birth weight was 139 gr less than those from non smoker mothers [p=0/001]. There was no significant difference between the birth weight and the number of cigarettes passively smoked, weight gain in pregnancy, number of pregnancies, age and the height of mother. In order to prevent the environmental side-effect of tobacco smoking, it is necessary to stop smoking in public. Also educating the family members to avoid smoking during pregnancy and as part of pregnancy cares is of crucial importance.