ABSTRACT
Orthodontic treatment need and demand in 12-year-olds in Abadeh city has not previously been analysed in relation to geographic origin. The purpose of this study was to assess the12 year old students need and demand for orthodontic treatment. Four hundred seventeen 12-year-old students was selected from public and private schools in Abade [Fars province, Iran]. All the students were examined according to the AC and DHC component of Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need [IOTN] by a trained dentist. Students' and parents' perceived needs were also assessed using AC component and their demand for orthodontic treatment was asked through a questionair. Twenty two percent of the students were in "no need of treatment" group when assessed by DHC component, 29.5% were in "average need" and 48.2% were in "definite need" group. When assessed by AC score, these percents were 61.9%, 29%, and 9.1%. Parents and students percieved need for definite orthodontic treatment according to AC score was 8.6% and 7.7%, respectively. The students and their parents' demand for treatment were 40.6% and 44. 9%, respectively. Orthodontic treatment need in Abade is higher in comparison with other reports according to DHC. DHC is not correlated with orthodontic treatment demand of 12 years old students, but AC had a strong relationship with treatment demand
ABSTRACT
Background: many studies have investigated the effects of psychological factors on disease activity in patients with ulcerative colitis [UC]. However, the number of studies that have assessed the correlation between immunologic markers of UC and psychological distress are few. Therefore, we designed a study to determine the association between two immuno-biological markers, peripheral/central anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies [c-ANCA and p-ANCA], and depressive symptoms, healthy anxiety and personality traits
Materials and Methods: a total of 108 patients with UC entered the study. P-ANCA and c-ANCA were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] and reconfirmed by indirect immunofluorescence. Severity of UC was classified based on Truelove criteria. Depressive symptoms were measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression [CES-D] Scale, anxiety symptoms by the Hospital Anxiety Depression [HAD] Scale and personality traits were assessed by the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Pearson correlation was used to assess the relationship between p-ANCA/c-ANCA and psychological distress
Results : our results showed that 81.5% of the patients suffered from anxiety, 43.5% suffered from depression and 75% suffered from introvert personality. No patient was positive for p-ANCA. There were 16 patients [14.8%] who tested positive for c-ANCA; 85.2% were negative for c-ANCA. Anxiety was significantly higher in the c-ANCA negative patients
Conclusion: according to our results, only testing negative for c-ANCA correlated with anxiety. However, the high prevalence of anxiety, depression and introversion and their roles in the clinical course and outcomes of the UC shows the need for early psychological intervention in those patients
ABSTRACT
Epilepsy is one of the most common neuronal disorders in man. The amygdala is one of the important locations for seizures originated from piriform cortex. Neverthless, its role in development of such seizures has not been reported so far. Therefore in this study, the effects of amygdala inhibition on kindling rate of piriform cortex was investigated. Under two study protocols, thirty male Wistar rats[300-350 g] in 5 groups [n=6] were studied. In the first protocol animals were divided into three groups; first group only were canulated without any treatment, second group received artificial CSF and third group received 0.5 micro l of 2% lidocaine intra amygdaloid. The second protocol, included two groups; in the first group the amygdala was lesioned by electrical DC current and animals were stimulated 24 h later and in the second group animals canulated but amygdala was not lesioned In this study, intra amygdala injection of 2% lidocaine and electrical lesion of it increased number of stimulation to receive S4 and S5 stages of seizure, but had no effects on number of stimulations to receive S1, S2, S3 stages cumulative after discharge duration [ADD], after discharge threshold and ADD after the first duration. We concluded that the amygdala has a critical role in the development of epileptic seizures from piriform cortex to other regions and this role is significantly affected by transient and permanent inhibition of neuronal activity of amygdala