Introducing a quantitative method to calculate the rate of primary infertility

In the previous studies, the rate of primary infertility was reported differently. It seems the main reasons are related to the different methods of data collection and information analysis. Therefore, introducing a precise method to determine the infertile couples and the population exposed to the risk of infertility is an important issue to study primary infertility. The proposed methodology for assessing primary infertility rate has been designed and applied by Avicenna Research Institute in a national survey. Sampling was conducted based on probability proportional to size cluster method. In this survey, after reviewing the former studies, the reproductive history was used as a basis for data collection. Every reproductive event was recorded with a code and a date in the questionnaire. To introduce a precise method, all possible events were considered thoroughly and for each situation, it was determined whether these cases should be considered in numerator, denominator or it should be eliminated from the study. Also in some situations where the correct diagnosis of infertility was not possible, a sensitivity analysis was recommended to see the variability of results under different scenarios. The proposed methodology can precisely define the infertile women and the population exposed to the risk of infertility. So, this method is more accurate than other available data collection strategies. To avoid bias and make a consistent methodology, using this method is recommended in future prevalence studies

Removal of cyanide from aquatic solution by using of iron and copper powder: equilibrium and kinetic study

Industrial wastewater included the cyanide is one of the important sources of environmental pollution which founded in Industrial wastewater which are harmful for human health and environment. Therefore, the purpose of this research that was fundamental designed is investigation of Removal of cyanide from aquatic solution by using of iron and copper powder in experimental scale. At first, pilot was designed. Then, acquired pH optimum equal to 2,7 for copper and iron by variation pH= [2,4,6,8,12] and constant other parameters. The effect of initial cyanide concentration [40,60,80 mg/1], initial iron and copper dosage [0.08-1 g/100CC] and contact time [15-12 min] studied at the constant of optimum pH. The result showed removal efficiency Increased from 46.6% to 90.56% and 31% to 93.78% for copper and iron by increasing of contact time from 15 to 120 minute in constant conditions, respectively. Also result showed Removal efficiency decreased and increased by increasing initial cyanide concentration and initial iron and copper dosage. The results showed equilibrium data were explained acceptably by Langmuir isotherms and kinetic parameters were obtained by application of Langmuir and Hinshelwood equation. The results showed that removal of cyanide can be quick and effective done by iron and copper in experimental scale

[Cadmium adsorption by a bacterial biofilm supported on clinoptilolite from aqueous solution]

Heavy metals pollution represents a serious problem for human health and for life in general and bacterial biofilms are able to adsorb heavy metals from dilute aqueous solutions and accumulate them within their cell structure. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of Escherichia coli biofilm [an effective agent for metal adsorption] supported on clinoptilolite for the removal of cadmium from aqueous solutions. Adsorption experiments were carried out in a laboratoryscale batch model with clinoptilolite alone and clinoptilolite covered by a bacterial biofilm. The effects of initial heavy metal concentrations, pH, and agitation time on the removal efficiency were studied. Finally, experimental results were analyzed using isotherm equations. The results of this study revealed that cadmium adsorption to clinoptilolite was lower than that of clinoptilolite covered by biofilm and adsorption of the cadmium was influenced by several parameters such as initial concentration of cadmium, biosorption time and solution pH. The uptake values for clinoptilolite and for clinoptilolite covered by biofilm were 6.8 mg/g and 9.6 mg/g respectively in the batch model, for initial cadmium concentrations of 25 and 100 mg/L. It was also observed that as the initial cadmium concentration increased, the uptake increased, but the removal rate decreased. Maximum adsorption efficiency was achieved at pH value of 6. The biosorption equilibrium for cadmium was best described by the Freundlich and Longmuir models. It is concluded that the presence of biofilm increased the uptake efficiency of clinoptilolite and the biofilm tested in our study seems very promising for the removal of cadmium from aqueous solution

Removal of divalent nickel from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto modified holly sawdust: equilibrium and kinetics

The removal of divalent nickel from aqueous solutions on modified holly sawdust was studied at varying contact times, pH, initial divalent nickel concentrations and adsorbent dose. Results showed the removal efficiency by increasing of pH increased and decreased with initial nickel divalent concentration. By increasing pH from 2 to 12 [equilibrium time= 240 min, adsorbent dose= 0.6g/100 mL, divalent nickel concentrations= 60 mg/L], the removal efficiency increased from 17.47% to 81.76%. Also removal efficiency was decreased from 98% to 19.3% by increasing of initial divalent nickel concentrations from 20 mg/l to 100 mg/L. Also the results showed the removal efficiency was increased by increasing of adsorbent dose and contact time. By increasing of adsorbent dose from 0.2 g/100CC to 1 g/100CC, the removal efficiency increased from 32.78% to 99.98%. The removal efficiency increased from 34.7% to 83.67% by increasing of contact time from 5 min to 240 min. Experimental equilibrium and kinetics data were fitted by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics models, respectively. The results show that the equilibrium data follow Langmuir isotherm and the kinetic data follow pseudo-second-order model. The obtained maximum adsorption capacity was 22.47 mg/g at a pH 7. The results show that the modified holly sawdust can be used for the treatment of aqueous solutions containing nickel as a low cost adsorbent

Removal of reactive black 5 [RB5] dye from aquatic solution by using of adsorption onto synthesized sodium alginate magnetic beads

Industrial wastewater included the dyes one of the important sources of environmental pollution, that founded in loom wastewater which are harmful for human health and environment. Therefore, the purpose of this research was investigated removal of RB5 dye from aquatic solution by using of adsorption onto synthesized magnetic sodium alginate beads. At first, synthesized magnetic sodium alginate beads. Then, acquired beads optimum dosage equal to 18 g/l00CC, with constant other parameters. The effect of pH contact time and initial RB5 dye concentration was studied at the constant of beads [18 g/l00CC]. Results showed that removal efficiency was decreased by increasing of initial RB5 dye concentration. Also the results showed the removal efficiency was increased by increasing of adsorbent dose and contact time. The results showed data were explained acceptably by Langmuir isotherms and pseudo-second-order kinetics models respectively. The results showed that removal of RB5 dye from aqueous solution by using of magnetic sodium alginate beads can be done cheaper and effective

[Comparison of efficiency of photochemical and sonochemical processes combined with hydrogen peroxide in removal of direct blue 71 [DB71] from aqueous solution: a kinetic study]

One of the important sources of environmental pollution existing in different industrial wastewater, including loom wastewater are dyes which are harmful for human health and environment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficiency of photochemical and sonochemical processes combined with hydrogen peroxide in removal of DB71 from aqueous solution. This study was experimental - laboratory study. At first, a reactor was designed and made. Then, optimum pH was determined which was 7 for photochemical and 3 for sonochemical process in constant condition. The effects of initial concentration of hydrogen peroxide, DB71 and contact time were studied at the constant optimum pH. Then data were interpreted and analyzed by use of Excel software and regression coefficient. The results of this study showed that with increased initial concentration of DB71, its removal decreased. But removal efficiency of DB71 increased by increasing contact time and initial concentration of hydrogen peroxide. In addition, kinetic parameters were obtained by application of first-order [Langmuir-Hinshelwood] equations. The results showed that UV/ H[2] O[2] and US/ H[2]O[2] processes can be effective in the removal of DB71 from aqueous solutions. Considering dye removal efficiency and availability, photochemical process combined with hydrogen peroxide can be recommended as a fast effective method for removal of dyes from aqueous solutions

Hamadan landfill leachate treatment by coagulation-flocculation process

In most countries, sanitary landfilling is the common way to dispose municipal solid wastes. In the operations, leachate treatment is a difficult and expensive process. Although, leachate can be treated by biological processes, COD removal efficiency is usually low due to high ammonium ion content and the presence of toxic compounds such as metal ions. This experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of coagulation-flocculation process on the Hamadan landfill leachate treatment in the city of Hamedan. Also the effects of different coagulants with various dosages and pH values in the removal of chemical oxygen demand [COD] and total suspended solids were studied. Results showed that the efficiency for COD removal by Poly Aluminum Chloride at pH=12 and 2500 mg/L of coagulant, by alum at pH=12 and 1000 mg/L of coagulant dose and by ferrous sulfate at pH=12 and 1500 mg/L of ferrous sulfate dose were 60%, 62.33% and 70.66%, respectively. Also results showed that, the efficiency for Total Suspended Solids removal by Poly Aluminum Chloride that was obtained at pH=12 and 2500mg/L concentration of Poly Aluminum Chloride, by alum at pH=2 and 1500 mg/L concentration of alum and by ferrous sulfate at pH=7 and 2500mg/L of ferrous sulfate, were 39.14%, 58.37% and 35.58%, respectively. Based on results of this study, the best coagulant for COD removal was ferrous sulfate and the physico-chemical process may be used as an effective pretreatment process, especially for young leachate, prior to post-treatment [polishing] for partially stabilized leachate

[Photocatalytic removal of hexavalent chromium and divalent nickel from aqueous solution by UV irradiation in the presence of titanium dioxide nanoparticles]

Industrial wastewater included the heavy metal is one of the important sources of environmental pollution. Hexavalent chromium and divalent nickel are founded in plating wastewater which is harmful for human health and environment. Therefore, the purpose of this research is investigation of photocatalytic removal of hexavalent chromium and divalent nickel from aqueous solution using UV/TiO[2] process in a batch system. At first, reactor was designed. Then, optimumdosage of TiO[2] was obtained equal to 1 g/L, with variation TiO[2] dosage at constant pH and initial concentrations of hexavalent chromium and divalent nickel. The effect of pH, contact time and initial concentration of hexavalent chromium was studied at the constant amount of TiO[2] [1gr/L]. The result showed that photocatalytic removal efficiency increased with increasing reaction time and TiO[2] dosage. In addition, it was found that removal efficiency of hexavalent chromium was decreased by increasing initial chromium concentration and pH. But, photocatalytic removal efficiency of nickel ion was increased and decreased by increasing of pH and initial nickel concentration, respectively. The results showed that UV/TiO[2] was an effective method in removal of hexavalent chromium and divalent nickel from aqueous solutions

[Effect of royal jelly on sterile wound healing in balb/C mice]

Wound healing is the process of repairing following injury to the skin and other soft tissues. Following injury, inflammatory response occurs and the cells below the dermis begin to increase collagen production, later on, the epithelial tissue is regenerated. Royal jelly [RJ] is a bee product. There are many reports on pharmacological activity of RJ on experimented animals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of RJ on the induction of wound healing of sterile incision in Balb/C mice. In this experimental study which was conducted at Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences in 60 female Balb/C mice [8 weeks old] were selected. The mice were anesthetized with ether. The dorsal fur of the animals was shaved and sterilized with alcohol, and then a longitudinal para vertebral full thickness incision of 10mm long was made. The animals were then divided into six equal groups. In group one [negative control], nothing was applied to the wound. Group 2 [positive control] was treated with nitrofurazon ointment, group 3 was treated with RJ 200 mg/kg daily, group 4 was treated with RJ 200 mg/kg every two days, group 5 was treated with RJ 300 mg/kg daily, group 6 treated with RJ 300 mg/kg every two days. Royal jelly was topically used on the wounds. The wound length was measured with vernier capilar every two days until the complete healing was occurred. The data were analyzed with SPSS version 11.5 using Kruscal Walis tests. There was a significant difference between groups 1, 2 with the other groups [p< 0.015]. RJ promoted wound healing activity significantly in group 3, 5 compared to negative and positive control groups. There was no significant difference between the dosage of 200mg/kg with 300 mg/kg of RJ [p>0.015]. The results of this study indicated that daily application of RJ possesses betters wound healing effects than nitrofurazon

[Comparison of diffrent coagulants efficiency for treatment of Hamedan landfills leachate site]

In Iran, indicated that the municipal landfill leachate has been one of the major problem for environment. In the operations, leachate treatment is a very difficult and expensive process. Although, young leachate can be treated easily by biological treatment, COD removal efficiency are usually low due to high ammonium ion content and the presence of toxic compounds such as metal ions. Treatment of leachate is necessary.The aim of this study is reduction of Chemical Oxygen Demond [COD] and Total Suspended Solids [TSS] from hamedan city sanitary landfill leachate by three coagulants: alum, PAC and ferrous sulfate. This experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of treatment of landfill leachate by a coagulation-flocculation process. The effects of different amounts of coagulant and different pH values on the coagulation processes were compared. result of this survey show that the high efficiency for COD removal by PAC in pH=12 and 2500[mg/l] concentration of PAC was 62.66%, by alum in pH=12 and 1000 [mg/l] concentration of alum was 60%, by ferrous sulfate in pH=2 and 1000 [mg/l] concentration of ferrous sulfate was 70.62%. Also result shown the high efficiency for TSS removal by PAC in pH=12 and 2500[mg/l] concentration of PAC was 58.37%, with alum in pH=2 and 1500 [mg/l] concentration of alum was39.14%, by ferrous sulfate in pH=7 and 2500[mg/l] concentration of ferrous sulfate was 35.58%. The best coagulant for COD removal is ferrous sulfate.The physico-chemical process may be used as a useful pretreatment step, especially for fresh leachates, prior to post-treatment [polishing] step for partially stabilized leachates

Early outcome of concurrent mitral valve replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting

Concomitant coronary artery bypass surgery [CABG] in patients undergoing mitral valve replacement [MVR] has been shown to be an important risk factor for hospital mortality. We evaluated preoperative characteristics, postoperative complications, in-hospital mortality rate, and length of stay in hospital for patients undergoing concurrent CABG with MVR. Preoperative and postoperative clinical data from 175 patients undergoing concurrent CABG with MVR operation at Tehran Heart Center from 2002 through 2006 were collected and entered into a database. Information was obtained by clinical and case note review as well as detailed questionnaires to physicians and patients. Mean age of patients was 57.95 +/- 10.54 years and 51.4% were male. Mean New York Heart Association [NYHA] score was 2.46 +/- 0.84. Among studied patients, 18.3% and 2.9% underwent aortic and tricuspid valve replacement, respectively. In-hospital mortality was 6.9% and 96.0% of patients were hospitalized >/= 14 days. History of congestive heart failure [P = 0.027] and postoperative brain stroke [P = 0.004] were independent predictors for in-hospital mortality. Exact considering of congestive heart failure and postoperative brain stroke related to in-hospital mortality in concurrent CABG with MVR operation are necessary

Epidemiologic feature of thyroid cancer based on cancer registry data system

This study was undertaken to define the epidemiological aspects of thyroid carcinoma in Iran, an area of endemic iodine deficiency nearly until recently. The Tehran Cancer Institute Data System Registry [TCIDSR] was used to identify patients with different histological types of thyroid cancer [TC] in Iran. Data were analyzed from 438 thyroid cancer cases identified by the TCIDSR in 1998-99. Disease prevalence was calculated by age, time and place. The TCIDSR recorded 438 primary malignancies of the thyroid gland: papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic carcinomas accounted for 67.1%, 10.7%, 5.3% and 4.3% of cases, respectively. The remaining 12.6% was classified as OD [other diagnoses]. The prevalence of TC was the highest in Farsis population. The age range of patients was 8-85 yr. Mean patient age was 44.52 +/- 17.03 yr [mean +/- SD] overall, 47.74 +/- 18.10 yr in male patients and 43.04 +/- 16.34 in female patients. Anaplastic [6.5% vs. 3.3%] and medullary [10.0% vs. 3.0%] cancers were more common in men than women. Against expectation for an iodine-deficient area, the frequency distribution of tumours in our study was closer to that seen in iodine-rich areas. Additional research on the risk factors for thyroid cancer-genetic, ethnic, geographic and environmental is needed to explain the high incidence of PTC overall, and among Farsis population in particular, in Iran