Acute kidney injury secondary to snake bite in patients presenting to a tertiary care hospital

Objective: To determine the frequency of Acute kidney injury secondary to snake bite in patients presenting to a tertiary care hospital

Subject and Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at the department of General Medicine, Jinnah postgraduate medical center, Karachi, from 10th June 2015 to 10th Jan 2016. Patients with diagnosis of snake bite were enrolled. Detailed history, physical examination and biochemical measurements were recorded. Patients underwent serum creatinine levels for diagnosis of AKI

Results: One hundred and twelve patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in this study.There were 90 [83.36%] males and 22 [19.64%] females. The mean +/- standard deviation age of study population was 28+/-0.151 years. On analysis of risk factors it was observed that 33 [29.46%] patients were obese. On analysis of outcome variable, it was observed that 33 [29.46%] had AKI

Conclusion: Around 30% of patients who developed AKI were presented with history of snake bite. However, factors such as age, gender, duration and obesity were not related with the AKI

Distribution and factors associated with Salmonella enterica genotypes in a diverse population of humans and animals in Qatar using multi-locus sequence typing [MLST]

Salmonella enterica is one of the most commonly reported causes of bacterial foodborne illness around the world. Understanding the sources of this pathogen and the associated factors that exacerbate its risk to humans will help in developing risk mitigation strategies. The genetic relatedness among Salmonella isolates recovered from human gastroenteritis cases and food animals in Qatar were investigated in the hope of shedding light on these sources, their possible transmission routes, and any associated factors. A repeat cross-sectional study was conducted in which the samples and associated data were collected from both populations [gastroenteritis cases and animals]. Salmonella isolates were initially analyzed using multi-locus sequence typing [MLST] to investigate the genetic diversity and clonality. The relatedness among the isolates was assessed using the minimum spanning tree [MST]. Twenty-seven different sequence types [STs] were identified in this study; among them, seven were novel, including ST1695, ST1696, ST1697, ST1698, ST1699, ST1702, and ST1703. The pattern of overall ST distribution was diverse; in particular, it was revealed that ST11 and ST19 were the most common sequence types, presenting 29.5% and 11.5% within the whole population. In addition, 20 eBurst Groups [eBGs] were identified in our data, which indicates that ST11 and ST19 belonged to eBG4 and eBG1, respectively. In addition, the potential association between the putative risk factors and eBGs were evaluated. There was no significant clustering of these eBGs by season; however, a significant association was identified in terms of nationality in that Qataris were six times more likely to present with eBG1 compared to non-Qataris. In the MST analysis, four major clusters were presented, namely, ST11, ST19, ST16, and ST31. The linkages between the clusters alluded to a possible transmission route. The results of the study have provided insight into the ST distributions of S. enterica and their possible zoonotic associations in Qatar. Published by Elsevier Limited on behalf of King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences

Prevalence of latent tuberculosis in end stage renal disease patients at Baghdad teaching hospital

Background: Tuberculosis [TB] is one of the oldest diseases known to affect humans, it caused by infection with Mycobacterium Tuberculosis [MTB]. MTB is most commonly transmitted from a patient with infectious pulmonary TB to other person by droplet nuclei. End Stage Renal Disease [ESRD] patients are exposed to a variety of infections, including TB. The standard test for detecting Latent TB infection [LTBI] is tuberculin skin test [TST]

Objective: Determination the prevalence of latent tuberculosis among end stage renal disease patients in hemodialysis unit in Baghdad teaching hospital, and assessing its correlations with various conditions

Methods: A stratified random sampling technique was used to select a sample of 71 patients of ESRD in hemodiaylsis unit in Baghdad teaching hospital. The selected patients were interviewed using a structured pretested questionnaire. Two units of PPD [0.1mL] had been injected intradermally to the volar surface of forearm to be seen within 48-72 hours. The test was considered positive if [>=10mm induration] developed

Results: The study showed the rate of tuberculin reactivity among End Stage Renal Disease [ESRD] patients is 28.57%. About 57.14% of patients were male; mean age of patient was 54.34 +/- 15.25 years. The major cause of renal impairment were diabetes mellitus [DM] 52.86%, followed by hypertension 15.71%, duration of dialysis more than 6 months was 46.67%. History of contact with active tuberculosis patient was 62.5%

Conclusion: Significant relationship between history of contact with active TB patients, duration of dialysis, and age of patients with TST positivity

Clinical evaluation of overnight oximetry monitoring of high risk patients for obstructive sleep apnea

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea [OSA] is a condition of sleep related pharyngeal collapse, in which recurrent episodes of upper airway occlusion occur during sleep causing diminution [hypopnea] or cessation of airflow [apnea] in the pharynx provoking arousals and sleep fragmentation, resulting in daytime sleepiness. Oximetry alone is very valuable tool in the diagnosis and management of OSA, it can identify most cases allowing referral for continuous positive airway pressure [CPAP] treatment

Objective: To evaluate the overnight oximetry monitoring as a swift and accessible

Patients and Method: Cross sectional study of 20 patients, 12 males and 8 females with high probability of OSA, attended to respiratory clinic in Baghdad teaching hospital suffering from excessive daytime sleepiness, they were clinically evaluated plus using overnight oximetry as an objective testing method

Results: The study sample was 20 patients, 12 males [60%], 8 females [40%], mean age 48 years, mean BMI 45.6 Kg/m[2], female mean BMI 53.1 Kg/m[2], male mean BMI 37 Kg/m[2], and mean basal Po2 saturation 89.6 %. Desaturation index [DI] show significant correlation with AHI, BMI, and gender, while no significant correlation with age. AHI show significant correlation with baseline SPO 2 and gender, and no correlation with BMI and age

Conclusion: Desaturation index assessed by nocturnal pulse oximetry maintain its utility as a screening method in the recognition of obstructive sleep apnea in obese patients with high clinical pretest suspicion. DI when combined with appropriate clinical evaluation could be used as an initial diagnostic test for OSA

Morbidity and mortality in methanol poisoning: an observational study conducted in Karachi

Background alcohol poisoning is a serious issue in both the developed and developing countries. Illicit alcohol is commonly called as moonshine or bootleg whereas in Pakistan it is ordinarily known as tharra, kuppi, desi sharab, or daroo. This alcohol is mainly prepared by fermenting the mash of sugar cane pulp in a clay pot up to near 100% alcohol; however, it may contain impurities and many toxic materials. The awareness and basic knowledge of methanol poisoning is quite scarce in our society due to the cultural aspects. The goal of our study is to identify the clinical factors associated with the alcohol poisoning along with the frequency of mortality

Methodology a cross sectional has been conducted on the patients who were admitted in the National Poison Control Centre, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, and Karachi. The patients who presented in a critical condition afterwards the alcohol consumption were included in the study from the year 2011 to 2015

Result the inclusion criteria conscripted a total of 188 patients in the study amongst which majority was observed during a single outbreak in the month of September 2011. The results of the study recorded mortality in 38.83% of the study group while 35.64% indicated survival with sequelae. On the other hand, 25.53% of the patients were discharged with recovery

Conclusion morbidity in the cases of methanol poisoning tends to be crucial and high along with an eminent rate of mortality. Sequelae from methanol poisoning predominantly involves the visual disturbances including the blindness

Rate of tuberculin reactivity among health care workers in Ibn Zuhur and Ibn Alkhateeb Hospitals

Background: Tuberculosis is one of the oldest diseases known to affect human, it caused by infection with Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, which is part of a complex organisms including M.bovis [reservior cattle] and M.africanum [reservior human]. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis is most commonly transmitted from a patient with infectious pulmonary TB to other person by droplet nuclei which are aerosolized by coughing, sneezing or speaking. Health care workers are exposed to a variety of infections, including TB. The standard test for detect latent TB infection is tuberculin skin test [Mantox test] using purified protien derivatives if Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Objective: Is to estimate the rate of TB transmission from patients with active disease to the Health care workers, and also to study the relation of different variables to the transmission risk including [Gender, Vaccinations, and Duration of contact or occupation duration]

Subjects and Methods: Cross sectional descriptive study done in Ibn Zuhur hospital and Ibn alkhateeb hospital between April and May 2013. One hundred and two health care workers were included in this study [50] HCWs from Ibn zuhur hospital and [52] health care workers from Ibn alkhateeb hospital. 5 units of PPD [0.01 ml] had been injected intradermally to the volar surface of forearm to be seen within 48-72 hours. The test was cinsidered positive if [> = 10 mm induration] developed

Results: The study shows the rate of tuberculin reactivity among health care workers 25.5% [26/102] a significant relationship between duration of work in hospital and tuberculin reactivity among HCWs. 50] HCWs from Ibn zuhur hospital their age ranging between 24-48 years mean 36 year, 34[86%] were male and 16[32%] female and 52 HCWs from Ibn Alkhateeb hospital their age ranging between 21-43 years mean 32 year, 42 [81%] were male and 10 [19%] female in Ibn zuhur hospital 32% [16/50] Ward nursing staff 5-10 years work duration shows the higher rate [38.5] followed by laboratory staff 5-10 years [28.57%] and then doctors < 5 year's work [25%] ,service workers 2-5 years' work shows [22.22%]. While in Ibn Alkhateeb hospital 19% [10/52] Ward nursing staff 5-10 years work duration shows the higher rate [27%] followed by laboratory staff [20%] and then service workers 2-5 years' work shows 12.5% while doctors < 5 years work duration shows 8.5%

Conclusion: Health care workers have high rate of latent TB infection. Their positivity correlated with the duration of their job. Health care workers with negative tuberculin skin test should be immunized with BCG vaccine

serum levels of zinc in school children: a crosstalk with stunting and giardiasis

Zinc deficiency is an increasing public health problem. It may be related to compromised neurobehavioral function in children and adolescents. An association between giardiasis and zinc levels in human hosts had been reported. The occurrence of recurrent intestinal infection by Giardia lamblia may reflect a failure to correct an undefined specific nutrient deficiency, for example, the need for adequate zinc repletion. This study estimated the level of serum zinc in a sample of primary school children and to study the associations between it and height for age and giardiasis. A cross section study was carried out on randomly selected primary schools in Dubai and Ajman. They were 500 school children with age range from 6-12 years in Dubai and Ajman. The level of serum zinc, height for age and giardia infection were estimated. The results showed that the prevalence of zinc deficiency was 23% with no relationship to age or gender. The low serum zinc was significantly associated with stunting and giardiasis. Regression analysis showed that stunting and giardiasis were significant predictors for low serum zinc [Beta = 0.365, 0.684 respectively]

Chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura effects of certain variables on the response to treatment

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is an acquired chronic autoimmune disease.Treatment when indicated is usually by corticosteroids,then splenectomy if no acceptable response,with variable response rate to both types of treatment. To look for the effects of certain variables on the type of response to steroid therapy in patients with adult idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and to study the outcome of splenectomy in relation to previous steroid therapy. A prospective study on 80 patients, presented with bleeding and a platelet count of

Patterns of refractive errors at independent medical college, teaching hospital, Faisalabad

To determine the patterns [Frequency and types] of refractive errors, affecting different age groups of our population and to suggest glasses for huge functional improvement of individuals. Descriptive Study. This conducted at Independent University Hospital Faisalabad in collaboration with Allied Hospital [Punjab Medical College] Faisalabad from 15 March 2010 to 31 March 2011. Patients of all age groups presented in Eye OPD with the complaint of visual acuity having less than 6/12, were underwent history and detailed examination [Including retinoscopy, autorefraction and cycloplegic refraction in children less than 8 years]. Patients with corneal opacity, glaucoma, penetrating trauma, cataract,aphakia, macular or retinal diseases were excluded. Out of 8215 OPD patients 658 [8%] had refractive error. Mean age was 31 years. Age varied from 5 to 66 years. New patients were 533[81%], while patients required refinement of refraction, were 125 [19%]. Individuals up to the age of 15 years were 119 [18.08%], between 16 to 29 years were 196 [29.79%], 30 to 40 years were 151 [22.95%] and above 40 years were 192 [29.17%]. It was found that male were 260 [39.51%] while female 398 [60.49%]. Myopia was 381 [57.90%] hypermetropia was 122 [18.54%] while astigmatism was 155 [23.56%]. Myopic astigmatism was 114 [17.33%] and hyperopic ttendance was 41 [6.23%].All individuals showed improvement with glasses. Refractive error is very common in our population. Female are affected'more commonly than males. Myopia is more frequent. Astigmatism also affects almost every fifth patient with refractive error

Comparison of serum sodium before and after use of reduced osmolarity ors solution in children with acute water diarrhea

Background: Oral rehydration salt [ORS] solution has reduced childhood deaths from diarrhea. Recent studies suggest that ORS solutions with reduced osmolarity may be more effective. However, there is concern about hyponatremia with reduced osmolarity ORS. Objectives: To compare the serum sodium level before and after the use of reduced osmolarity ORS solution in children with acute watery diarrhea [AWD]

Patients and Methods: This comparative cross sectional study was conducted in the Department of Paediatrics Unit-I, King Edward Medical University/ Mayo Hospital, Lahore from March to August 2009. Sample was collected by non probability purposive sampling. After consent, a total of 100 children of age 2 to 60 months, consistent with clinical case definition of AWD [passage of 3 or more loose stools/day with duration of less than 14 days] were enrolled. Those children with severe dehydration or having clinical evidence of systemic infection were excluded from the study. Each child was offered reduced osmolarity ORS solution. Serum sodium level was measured before and 6 hour after use of ORS. Data was entered in SPSS 17 and paired sample t-test was applied to compare serum sodium level before and after use of ORS

Results: Mean serum sodium level before and 6 hour after use of reduced osmolarity ORS solution was 133+/-3.4mEq/L and 133+/-2.9mEq/L, respectively. There was statistically insignificant change in serum sodium level after use of reduced osmolarity ORS solution.[p value 0.173] Similar results were found for subgroups of age and gender

Conclusion: Reduced osmolarity ORS solution has no statistically significant risk of hyponatremia in children with AWD

Assessment of proinflammatory th[1] cytokines [IL[18]-IFN gamma] and th[2] cytokine [IL[13]] concentrations in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases [systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid artharitis and systemic sclerosis]

Several cytokines play a role in the production of autoantibodies and the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE], rheumatoid arthritis [RA] and systemic sclerosis [SS]. This study investigated serum concentration of the proinflammatory Th[1] cytokine; IL[18] and its inducer IFN[gamma], the study also investigated serum concentration of proinflammatory Th[2] cytokine; IL[13], to explain the role of Th[1] and Th[2] in the pathogenesis of autoimmune rheumatic diseases [SLE, RA and SS]. IL[18], IFN[gamma] and IL[13] levels were evaluated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]. Four groups were included in this study. Group I: Comprised [15] patients of SLE. Group II: Comprised [15] patients of RA. Group III: Comprised [15] patients with SS. Group IV: Control group consisted of [15] sex and age matched healthy controls. Serum levels of IL[18] was significantly higher in SLE [3138.200 +/- 1413.096 pg/ml] and RA [3336.667 +/- 921.839 pg/ml] than control group [86.647 +/- 35.370 pg/ml], while IL[18] in SS had no statistically significant difference between patients [103.634 +/- 50.593 pg/ml] and control group [86.647 +/- 35.370 pg/ml].The cut off level was 257.75 pg/ml. IFN[gamma] was significantly higher in SLE patients [5.439 +/- 1.430 lU/ml] and RA patients [2.973 +/- 0.598 lU/ml] than control group [0.580 +/- 0.234 lU/ml] ,while IFN[gamma] in SS had no statistically significant difference [0.592 +/- 0.245IU/ml] than control group [0.580 +/- 0.234 lU/ml] .The cut offlevelwasl.2IU/ml. As regard IL[13] it was significantly higher in SLE patients [55.673 +/- 6.892 pg/ml] ,RA patients [59.587 +/- 12.183 pg/ml] and SS [61.550 +/- 12.047 pg/ml] than control group [21.427 +/- 7.274 pg/ml] .The cut off level was 44.4 pg/ml .There was significant positive correlation of IL[18]/ IL[13] and IFN[gamma] / IL[13] ratio in SLE and RA, while significant negative correlation of IL[18]/IL[13] and IFN[gamma]/IL[13] ratio in SS. There was a significant increase of both Th[1] cytokines [IL[18] and IFNgamma and Th[2] cytokine [IL[13] in SLE and RA with Th[1] predominance,while predominance of Th[2] cytokine [IL[13] in SS than Th[1]i cytokine [IL[18] and IFN[gamma]. This result suggests that IL[18], INF[gamma] and IL[13] could be involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune rheumatic diseases

Role of inhibin B as a marker of spermatogenesis in infertile patients with varicocele

Varicocele is a state of varicosity and tortousity of the pampiniform plexus around the retrograde blood flow. There is strong association between varicocele and subfertility so treating varicocele may be helping improvement of fertility. Inhibin B levels reflect the functional state of seminiferous epithelium and have been considered as sensitive index of spermatogenesis. This study was to detect the role of serum inhibin B concentration in infertile men with varicocele before and after varicocelectomy. Twenty patients with varicocele were included in this study. Serum inhibin B, serum FSH and semen analysis were performed before and after 6 months after varicocelectomy. There was a significant increase of inhibin B levels [P < 0.01] after varicocelectomy and a significant decrease of serum FSH levels was observed after surgery P < 0.01]. A significant improvement of semen analysis, sperm concentration [P < 0.01] and progressive motility [P < 0.05] was showed after treatment. Serum Inhibin B level in infertile men may provide a useful information about spermatogenesis and could be used as a more direct marker of spermatogenesis than FSH. Moreover, varicocelectomy improves the level of inhibin B and semen parameters in those patients

prevalence of weight loss assessed by body mass index in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD] and weight loss has long been recognized and is a common clinical observation and it is one of the systemic manifestations of COPD. A number of studies have identified weight loss and low body mass index [BMI] as independent predictors of mortality and worse prognosis. We have undertaken this study to confirm the association between BMI, weight loss and COPD and the relation to its severity. A cross section study of 100 patients with stable COPD have been identified and classified according to Global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease [GOLD] guideline. BMI have been calculated according to the formula: BMI=Body Weight [kg]/Height[2] [kg/m[2]] Subjects; were classified according to the BMI in to three groups using World Health Organization guideline: underweight, normal weight and overweight also classified as current cigarette smokers and ex smokers. It had been shown in this study that the underweight more common in COPD [23%],compared with the control subjects only [7%].low BMI significantly associated with more severe stages of COPD and in current smoker than in Ex-smoker and with increase in age, but there is no significant difference between gender and nutritional status. Weight loss is a prevalent condition in patients with COPD and BMI can be used to assess this relationship there was an interaction between smoking habits and BMI in COPD patients. BMI correlates well with FEV1 and COPD severity and can be used by every clinician because it is a simple, inexpensive, readily available tool

Imported Malaria in United Arab Emirates: Evaluation of a New DNA Extraction Technique Using Nested PCR

Local malaria transmission in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) came to an end in 1997. Nevertheless, UAE has been subjected to substantial importation of malaria cases from abroad, concerning both UAE nationals and immigrants from malarious countries with a total number of 2,119 cases in 2007. To evaluate a new DNA extraction technique using nested PCR, blood samples were collected from 132 individuals who presented to Infectious Diseases Department in Rashid Hospital, Dubai, and Central Department of Malaria Control with fever and persistent headache. Giemsa-stained blood films and ELISA test for malaria antibodies were carried out for detection of Plasmodium infection. Plasmodium infections were identified with the genus-specific primer set and species differentiation using nested PCR. A rapid procedure for diagnosis of malaria infections directly from dried blood spots using for the first time DNA extract from FTA Elute cards was evaluated in contrast to extraction techniques using FTA classic cards and rapid boiling technique. Our new simple technique for DNA extraction using FTA Elute cards was very sensitive giving a sensitivity of 100% compared to 94% using FTA classic cards and 62% in the rapid boiling technique. No complex preparation of blood samples was required prior to the amplification. The production cost of DNA isolation in our PCR assay was much less in comparable to that of other DNA extraction protocols. The nested PCR detected plasmodial infection and could differentiate P. falciparum from P. vivax, and also detected the mixed infection.

Imported Malaria in United Arab Emirates: Evaluation of a New DNA Extraction Technique Using Nested PCR

Local malaria transmission in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) came to an end in 1997. Nevertheless, UAE has been subjected to substantial importation of malaria cases from abroad, concerning both UAE nationals and immigrants from malarious countries with a total number of 2,119 cases in 2007. To evaluate a new DNA extraction technique using nested PCR, blood samples were collected from 132 individuals who presented to Infectious Diseases Department in Rashid Hospital, Dubai, and Central Department of Malaria Control with fever and persistent headache. Giemsa-stained blood films and ELISA test for malaria antibodies were carried out for detection of Plasmodium infection. Plasmodium infections were identified with the genus-specific primer set and species differentiation using nested PCR. A rapid procedure for diagnosis of malaria infections directly from dried blood spots using for the first time DNA extract from FTA Elute cards was evaluated in contrast to extraction techniques using FTA classic cards and rapid boiling technique. Our new simple technique for DNA extraction using FTA Elute cards was very sensitive giving a sensitivity of 100% compared to 94% using FTA classic cards and 62% in the rapid boiling technique. No complex preparation of blood samples was required prior to the amplification. The production cost of DNA isolation in our PCR assay was much less in comparable to that of other DNA extraction protocols. The nested PCR detected plasmodial infection and could differentiate P. falciparum from P. vivax, and also detected the mixed infection.

Audit of hepatitis b and c viruses in patients attending dental clinics

This study was carried out to audit hepatitis B and C viruses, detected in the department of pathology, on the patients who visited the dental clinics of Lahore Medical and Dental College, Lahore. This was a retrospective study conducted between March 2006 and January 2008. A total of 575 patients visited the clinic during this period, [250 males and 325 females], of these 80[13.91%] were positive for heaptitis B or C viruses. HCV was positive in 49 and HBV in 31 patients. Majority of infected patients were females i.e., 45 [7.8%]. Maximum number of patients were seen in the age groups between 50 and 60 years and 10-20 years respectively

Management of malignant cerebral infarction

Malignant cerebral infarction had a fatal outcome in the majority of cases. The associated brain edema with subsequent rise of intracranial pressure [ICP] and transtentorial herniation is the most leading cause of death in those patients. So we used mechanical hyperventilation to verify its effect in management of those patients by its effect in lowering the ICP. Prospective descriptive study was done in Intensive care unit of Mansoura Emergency Hospital, 20 patients with malignant cerebral infarction were subjected to the maximum conservative measures without controlled hyperventilation, were compared to the same number of patients under the same measures but with controlled hyperventilation for 24 hours [maintain PaCO[2] 28-32 mmHg]. We found that: no one with GCS < 9 survived without hyperventilation, while 4 [66.7%] of the survivors of hyperventilated group were semi-comatosed with GCS < 9. None of the unventilated patients who showed deterioration of their initial consciousness survived, while 3 [17.6%] of deteriorated patients in hyperventilated group survived. None of patients with pan-hemispheric infarction and/or with mid-line shift and compression on perimesencephalic cistern survived without hyperventilation, while 2 [25%] of patients with hemispheric infarction and also 3 [23%] of patients with mid-line shift and compression on perimesencephalic cistern survived in hyperventilated group

Genetic characterization of Giardia lamblia isolates from Egyptian patients with relation to clinical giardiasis

Investigators tried to correlate clinical presentation of giardiasis to the different genotypes, but controversial data were described through the last decade. The clinical manifestations of 89 Giardia patients were classified into:- GI: 52 symptomatic patients and GII: 37 asymptomatic patients. Genetic characterization of G. lamblia of the patients' fecal samples was performed by polymerase chain reaction [PCR] and restriction fragment length polymorphism [RFLP] technique b using triose phosphate isomerase gene [tpi]. Forty-two patients had genotype Al [47.19%], 16 had genotype A2 [17.98%], 10 had genotype B [11.23%] and 19 had mixed genotype infection [21.35%]. However, PCR-RFLP failed to determine Giardia genotype of only two cases [2.25%]. The 20 control fecal samples obtained from healthy subjects showed negative results for G. lamblia by PCR-RFLP method. Of 52 cases in GI, the prevalence genotype Al was 44.23%, genotype A2 was 19.23%, genotype B was 13.46%, mixed genotype infection was 21.15% and undetermined genotype was 1.92% as compared to 51.35%, 16.21%, 8.11%, 21.62% and 2.70% in GII, respectively. There was no significant difference between both groups as regard the different Giardia genotypes [p>0.05]. Statistical analysis of each symptom in different genotypes revealed insignificant [p>0.05]. The results denied any correlation between G. lamblia genotype and the clinical presentation of giardiasis

Loa loa infection in non-endemic area: a case study and disease review

Loiasis is a cutaneous filarial parasite of humans caused by the filarial nematode Loa loa, which is transmitted to humans by day-biting Chrysops flies. Human loiasis is confined to the rain forest and swamp forest areas of Western and Central Africa; however; sporadic cases hove been reported from other parts of the world including India. United Arab Emirates is relatively free from arthropod-borne parasitic diseases, but the region remains vulnerable to the introduction of such infections from areas where they are endemic due to a high traffic of a large expatriate population. We report a suspected case of loaiasis in a patient from India who lived and worked in Dubai, UAE, for several years and who had never visited Africa in the past. We assume that this is the first case of loaiasis reported from the gulf region where transmission of the infection has occurred outside the endemic areas

Comparison of maxillary arch dimensions between unilateral cleft lip and palate and non cleft infants

The objectives of the study were to investigate the effects of unilateral cleft lip and palate on maxilla, for which our study compared the maxillary dimensions of both unilateral cleft lip and palate and non cleft infants. The study was performed in the Orthodontics department, children hospital, Lahore and the study design was Cross sectional Analytical. The sample consisted of ninety children, thirty with unilateral cleft lip and palate and sixty without cleft lip and palate. Comparison of arch width between cleft and non cleft infants showed the width to be slightly more in the cleft infants but the difference was not statistically significant. Comparison of anterioposteior length and rotation of the right and left maxillary segments showed significantly different values. This research contradicted the hypothesis that cleft lip and palate causes deficits in growth and volume in the maxillary region and supports the viewpoint of bony dislocation of the major and minor cleft segments