ABSTRACT
Background and Objective: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that is characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion and action, or even both of them. Proveskia abrotanoides has anti-bacterial, anti-parasitic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects. This study was done to evaluate the effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Proveskia abrotanoides on blood glucose and liver enzymes level in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Methods: In this experimental study, 60 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into including healthy control, healthy received Glibenclamide, healthy -treated with 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg/bw of Proveskia abrotanoides extract, diabetic control, diabetic treated with 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg/bw of extract, positive control [diabetic treated with the Glibenclamide]. After the treatments, the blood "samples were taken from the animals and the level of blood glucose and liver enzymes including ALT, AST, and ALP were measured. Finally, the effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Proveskia abrotanoides was compared with Glibenclamide as a conventional drug
Results: The results showed a significant increase in liver enzymes [ALT, AST, ALP] in hyperglycemic rats compared to the healthy controls [P<0.05]. The mean of AST, ALT and ALP enzymes in hyperglycmia group were 286.83+/-7.46, 172.16+5.74, 526.17+/-8017, respectively while in healthy control it was 239+/-12.16, 100+/-2.42 and 196.33+/-6.82, respectively. In hyperglycemic rats treatment with doses of 150, 300, and 600 significantly reduced liver enzymes levels in compare to hyperglycemic contol group [P<0.05]. In group treated with 150 mg/kg/bw, the average of ALP, AST, and ALT enzymes was 160.67+/-6.29, 127.33+/-5.23 and 260.33+7.18, respectively. The mean of ALP, AST, and ALT enzymes in group treated with 300 mg/ kg/bw was 197.5+6.71, 144.33+/-8.82 and 201.67+/-9.60, respectively. In group treated with 600 mg/kg/bw, the mean of ALP, AST, and ALT enzymes was 192.23+/-8.23, 111.17+/-6.13 and 329+/-7.43, respectively. The hydro-alcoholic extract of
Conclusion: The hydro-alcoholic extract of Proveskia abrotanoides reduces liver enzymes and blood glucose level in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Antioxidants , Oxidative Stress , Rats, Wistar , Diabetes Mellitus , Phytotherapy , Streptozocin , Blood Glucose , Liver Function Tests , Plant ExtractsABSTRACT
Compression or sciatic axotomy induces neuronal death in spinal cord alpha motor neuron. This study was carried out to determine the effect of Nigella sativa seed alcoholic extract on spinal motor neuron density in anterior horn after sciatic nerve compression in rat. In this experimental study 24 wistar rats were divided into four groups A: control, B: compression, C: compression+treatment with 75 mg/kg alcoholic extract, D: compression+treatment with 50 mg/kg alcoholic extract. In control group muscle was exposed without any injury to sciatic nerve. In compression and treatment group, the right leg sciatic nerve compressed for 60 sec. After four weeks of post operation, L2-L4 and S1, S2 and S3 segments of spinal cord were sampled, processed, serially sectioned and stained with toluidine blue. The number of alpha motor neurons was counted using dissector method. Neuronal density in compression group [650 +/- 32] significantly decreased in comparison with control group [1803 +/- 24]. Neuronal density in C treated group [1581 +/- 47] and D treated group [1543 +/- 49] significantly increased compare to compression group [P<0.001]. Alcoholic extract of Nigella sativa seed increased the density of alpha motor neurons in spinal cord after sciatic nerve compression in rats
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Motor Neurons/drug effects , Sciatic Nerve/drug effects , Spinal Cord/drug effects , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Rats, Wistar , Anterior Horn Cells , SeedsABSTRACT
After axotomy or the compersion the nerve, the death of spinal cord nerves cell body occur. Compersion is one of the factors causing the degeneration of the spinal cord cell body. This degeneration is due to the reversed factors of the damaged area that have reached to cell body. Prosopis farcta is a member of leguminosae family and mimosaceae subfamily. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ethanolic extract of pod prosopis farcta plant, on neuronal density of anterior horn following sciatic nerve compression in rat. This experimental study was performed on thirty male wistar rats with the age of about three months years and 300-350 gr weight. The animals were divided into five groups. A] control, B] compression, C] compression + treatment with 25 mg/kg ethanolic extract, D] compression + treatment with 50 mg/kg ethanolic extract and E: compression + treatment with 75 mg/kg ethanolic extract. After anesthetizing the rats, the muscle of thigh was splited and the sciatic nerve was kept under compersion, the muscle and skin were stitched subsequently. In the experimental groups the alchoholic extract of the prosopis farcta was injected to the rats with 25mg/kg, 50mg/kg, 75mg/kg dosage by the intrapritoneal way weekly. After 28 days of compresion, the rat, were put under the perfusion method and some samples were taken of their lumbar spinal cord and after tissue processes, 7 micron slide were provided of the samples serially. Slides were stained by toluidin blue, and some photos were taken and neuronal density of the alpha motoneurons alpha anterior horn of the spinal cord was calculated by the disector method. Data were analyzed using Minitab software, ANOVA and t- tests.] The neuronal density in the compression group [628 +/- 29.7] was decreased significantly in compare to the control group [1562 +/- 35.3] [P<0.05]. The neuronal density in group C [1070 +/- 91], increased significantly in compare to the compression group [p<0.05]. The neuronal density in group D [1117 +/- 62.8] and group E [1669 +/- 86.5] significantly increased in compare to the compression group [P<0.05]. This study showed that alchoholic extract of the prosopis farcta has a neuroprotective effect following sciatic nerve compression in rats
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, diabetes and its related methbolic disorders are the main cause of end stage renal disease. The present study aimed to investigate the possible therapeutic effects of Launaea acanthodes hydro-alcoholic extract administration on the serum and urine albumin and bilirubin levels in hyperglycemic rats. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups; the control, hyperglycemic [STZ; 55 mg/kg], hyperglycemia+ insulin [STZ+Ins; 5 IU/kg/day] and hyperglycemia+extract [STZ+Ext; 150 mg/kg/day]. Blood and urine samples were taken at the end of the 2[nd] and 4[th] weeks of experiment and serum and urine albumin and bilirubin levels were assessed. Although compared to the control group in the 2[nd] week samples in which the serum levels of bilirubin in STZ and STZ+Ext groups were significantly increased, in the 4[th] week only STZ group samples showed significant differences. In the 4[th] week urine samples the level of albumin was remarkably increased in STZ and STZ+Ins while there was no significant difference in the STZ+Ext group samples. These results clearly indicate the beneficial effect of L. acanthodes extract adiminstration in prevention of albumin loss through urine in hyperglycemic status. Therefore it may be concluded that L. acanthodes could be effective in the treatment of metabolic disorders
ABSTRACT
Neuronal connections change during the memory formation process. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of alcoholic extract of Cannabis sativa leave on the neuronal density of CA1, CA2 and CA3 regions of rat hippocampus. In this experimental study, 24 male Wistar rats [300-350 g] were divided into two experimental and one control groups. Cannabis sativa seed was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus and then was injected in different doses [50 and 25 mg/kg, i.p, respectively] once a week for three weeks. After one month, rats were decapitated and their brain dissected, fixed in formalin [10%], sectioned [7microm thickness] and then stained with H and E. By applying dissection techniques and systematic random sampling scheme, the neuronal density of CA1, CA2, CA3 regions of hippocampus were estimated. Statistical analyses showed a significant decrease in the neuronal density of CA1 region, while there was a significant increase in the neuronal density of CA2 and CA3 regions of hippocampus in the experimental group [25 mg/kg alcoholic extract] compared to the control group [P=0]. It seems that the normal dose of alcoholic extract of Cannabis sativa leave induces neuronal degeneration in CA1 region of the hippocampus, while a low dose of it induces a neurogenesis in other hippocampal regions
ABSTRACT
More than sixty one substances have been found in Cannabis sativa which are called cannabinoids. Cannabinoids are involved in all stages of memory.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of leaves aquatic extract of Cannabis sativa on the neuronal density of CA1, CA2 and CA3 of Hippocampus in rats. In this experimental study twenty four male Wistar rats [weight 300-350 g] were divided into two experimental and one control groups. Cannabis sativa was extracted with Soxhlet apparatus. Aquatic extract was injected introperitonealy [I.P.] in experimental groups with two dosages [50 mg/kg and 25 mg/kg] for three weeks. After one month, animals were decapitated and their brains were dissected, fixed in 10% formalin, sectioned in 7 micro m thickness and stained by hematoxin-eosin [HE]. By applying dissector techniques and systematic random sampling scheme the neuronal density of CA1, CA2 and CA3 of Hippocampus were estimated. Then, the numerical density in each group compared with control group using t-test and ANOVA statistics and Turkey test by Minitab 13 software. Neuronal density average of CA1 area in control, experimental 1 and 2 groups were 37396 +/- 553, 10081 +/- 233 in CA1 and 10986 +/- 382, CA2 area 33045 +/- 449, 14648 +/- 284 and 17147 +/- 378 and in CA3 area 26324 +/- 437, 10469 +/- 215 and 13829 +/- 359 respectively. Statistical analyses showed significant decrease [P<0.001] in the CA1, CA2 and CA3 of Hippocampus neuronal density in experimental groups compared to control group. Aquatic extract of Cannabis sativa leaves has canabinoids substances that may effectively increase dopamine release and inhibit the production of impulse and induce neuronal degeneration in Hippocampus leading to reduction of the neuronal density of Hippocampus
Subject(s)
Male , Animals, Laboratory , Cannabinoids , Plant Leaves , Memory/drug effects , Plant Extracts , Post-Synaptic Density/drug effects , Hippocampus/drug effects , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
Since long lasting administration of anti-seizure drugs produces undesirable side effects, many efforts have been made during recent decades to find and replace the chemical drugs by medicinal plants. The aim of present study was to study the antiepileptic [anti-seizure] effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Melissa officinalis on experimental epileptiform seizures, induced by pentylenetetrazol [PTZ] in Wistar rat. After normalization, rats in experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 were injected [i.p] 50, 80 and 120 mg/kg hydroalcoholic extract of Melissa officinalis, respectively. Control animals were injected extract solvent as the same manner. After 30 minutes all rats were injected [i.p] 80 mg/kg PTZ and then examined for epileptiform behaviors for the next 60 minutes. The rate of mortality during the next 24 hour was also recorded. In comparison with control group, in all experimental groups the latent period of tonic-clonic generalized seizure was significantly [P < 0.05] increased. Moreover, the mortality rate was decreased from 90% in control group to 30, 50 and 60% in experimental groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. It can be concluded that hydroalcoholic extract of Melissa officinalis has potential sedative and anticonvulsant effects and probably exerts its effects through GABAergic system
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Anticonvulsants , Hypnotics and Sedatives , Plants, Medicinal , Plant Extracts , Plant Leaves , Pentylenetetrazole , Seizures/therapy , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
Neurons are injured under physical, chemical and pathological conditions. The effects of injuries in peripheral nervous system returns as retrograde to the cell body of neurons in central nervous system and causes brain and spinal degeneration. This study was done to evaluate the effect of aquatic extract of Cannabis sativa leaves on degeneration of alpha motoneurons in spinal cord after sciatic nerve compression in Rats. This experimental study was carried out on thirty two male Wistar rats, weighing 300-350 grams. Animals were divided into four groups each consisting eight members; A: control, B: compression, C: compression +treatment with 25 mg/kg aquatic extract, D: compression +treatment with 50 mg/kg aquatic extract. In order to induce compression in B, C and D, after cutting the right thigh muscle, Sciatic nerve of thigh was exposed to compression for 60 seconds using locker pincers. The first extract injection was done intraperitoneally immediately after compression and the second intera peritoneal injection was done 7 days later. 28 days after compression, the Lumbar spinal cord were dissected, fixed and stained with toluidine blue. The density of alpha motoneurons was measured using dissector and stereological methods. Data was analyzed with using Minitab-13 software, ANOVA and Tukey tests. Neuronal density was 611.5 +/- 34.2 and 1633.4 +/- 30.7 in compression and control groups respectively [P<0.001]. There was a meaningful statistical increase in neuronal density of group C [1278.6 +/- 28.1] in comparing compression group [P<0.001]. The neuronal density in group [D] [1549.8 +/- 87.7], significantly increased in comparison with group [B] [P<0.001]. This study showed that aquatic extract of Cannabis sativa leaves increases the density of alpha motoneurons in spinal cord after sciatic nerve compression in Rats. The increase in neuronal density is relevant to the amount of extract used
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Male , Spinal Cord/drug effects , Motor Neurons/drug effects , Nerve Degeneration , Sciatic Nerve , Plant Extracts , Rats, Wistar , Spinal Nerve RootsABSTRACT
Memory is an especial ability of brain in which saves the information and reuptake it. The memory is depended on hippocampus and amigdal. The neuronal density of hippocampus and amigdal have direct effect on their physiological functions. Cannabis sativa is belongs to Cannabinaceae family that Tetrahidrocanabinol is important component of this plant. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of alcoholic extract of Cannabis sativa on CA1, CA2 and CA3 subfields of hippocampus neuronal density in male Rats. This experimental study was performed on 18 male Rats with [250- 320gr] weight and 3 months old in faculty of science, Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, Iran [2010-2011]. At first the alcoholic extraction was provided by the soxhlet method of the seed of this plant with coded 2548. Eighteen male wistar Rats were allocated into 2 experimental groups [25,75mg/kg of alcoholic extract of Cannabis sativa] and one control group. Alcoholic extract of Cannabis sativa was injected intraperitonealy [I.P.] in experimental groups for two weeks [every week one injection]. After four weeks animal was decapitated and their brain dissected, fixed in 10% formalin, sectioned in 7?m thickness and stained by toluidin blue. By applying stereological techniques and systematic random sampling scheme the neuronal density of hippocampus were estimated. Neuronal density in control and treated with alcoholic extract [25,75mg/kg] CA1 was 17982, 26750 and 22801 respectively. Neuronal density in CA2 was 19171, 26750 and 22801 respectively and also in CA3 was 19391, 24043, 28571 respectively. Neuronal density in CA1, CA2 and CA3 of hippocampus in treated groups with alcoholic extract [25,75mg/kg] was significantly increased in comparison with controls [P<0.01]. This study determined that the alcoholic extract of Cannabis sativa can induce hippocampus neurogenesis which is not dose depended