ABSTRACT
Labor augmentation with intravenous oxytocin is a common method of midwifery in dealing with delivery dystocia and considering the dangers of using high dosage or wrong prescription, the Institute for safe medication has added intravenous administration of oxytocin to the list of high alert medications and recommended creating programs to minimize fetal and maternal injury by reducing the dosage of oxytocin. One method to reduce the dosage of oxytocin is propranolol administration. It has been observed that low dosage of propranolol during the active phase of labor can increase the uterine contractions and cause delivery and reduce the cesarean section significantly without causing maternal and no neonatal complications and cesarean rate. The comparison between the effects of oxytocin with propranolol and oxytocin with Placebo on the labor augmentation. A double-blind randomized clinical trial was performed on 118 nulliparas 38-41 weeks in active phase of labor and failure to progress. Exclusion criteria: Multi-parity with History of surgery on the uterus, malpresentation [non-cephalic], cephalopelvic disproportion[CPD], Fetal distress, macrosomia, polyhydroamnius, IUGR, HTN, Cardiac disease, lung disease, Patients with kidney or liver dysfunction, diabetes, patients prone to hypoglycemia, myasthenia Gravis and Wolf - Parkinson - White. The patients were divided randomly into two groups.The first group was given Oxytocin with propranolol and the second group oxytocin with placebo. Pregnancy outcomes including maternal complications including uterine atonic, complications during labor including hyperstimulation, fetal distress, meconium and placental abruption and neonatal complications including Apgar 1 and 5 minutes of birth, admission in NICU and birth weights in two groups were compared. Duration of the active phase of labor in propranolol group 325.74 +/- 71.57 was significantly less than that in the placebo group 406.04 +/- 80.32 [p<0.001]. Duration of the second stage of labor in propranolol group 23.03 +/- 8.31 was significantly less than that in the placebo group 33.83 +/- 12.33 [p<0.001]. Cesarean section in propranolol group 9 [15%] was significantly less than that in the placebo group 15 [25.9%] [p<0.001]. Failure to progress in propranolol group 2 [3.3%] was significantly less than that in the placebo group 5 [8.6%] [p<0.023]. Propranolol may shorten the duration of the active phase labor and the second stage of it and reduce the dosage of oxytocin and also Cesarean section rate
ABSTRACT
Fusion and gemmation [double teeth] are developmental anomalies of unknown etiology. It is not always possible to differentiate clinically between these two abnormalities. The presence of primary double teeth may cause problems in the permanent dentition. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of fusion and gemination in the primary dentition of 3-5 year-old kindergarten children in Tehran. In this cross-sectional study, several kindergartens located in Tehran, Rey, and Shemiranat were randomly selected and 1000 children with an age range of 3-5 years were examined. The prevalence of double teeth was%0.8 from which%87.5 showed fusion and%12.5 revealed gemination. All fusions were observed in the mandible and all geminations in the maxilla. Double teeth were distributed evenly among both sexes, but when considered separately,%57 of the fusions were observed in girls and all geminations in boys. The most common double teeth were the central and lateral incisors which occurred in the mandible. Gemination of the primary lateral incisor was observed in%12.5 of the double teeth and was encountered in the maxilla. Further examination of the permanent dentition was performed in a number of cases and aplasia of the permanent lateral incisor and succedaneous teeth were observed in these subjects, which were due to fusion of the lateral primary incisor and canine. Considering that primary double teeth may be followed by problems in the permanent dentition, early diagnosis and continuous monitoring of successors is suggested to avoid further complications