[Mindfulness-based stress reduction group training on depression, anxiety, stress, self-confidence and hemoglobin A1c in young women with type 2 diabetes]

Introduction: About 20-40% of people with diabetes experience varying levels of distress and general symptoms of anxiety and depression. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction group training on depression, anxiety, stress, self-confidence and hemoglobin A1c in young women with type 2 diabetes

Materials and Methods:In this pretestposttest- control group design study, we used instruments such as demographic data and depression, anxiety and stress [DASS-21] and the Rosenberg self-confidence questionnaires. The study population included 60 patients with diabetes randomly divided into 2, the experimental and control groups. The experimental group received the mindfulness intervention with 8 sessions each 2.5 hours while the control group received no intervention. Following this, during the ninth, session both groups again completed the questionnaires

Results: Patients in experimental group reported lower levels intensity of anxiety, stress and HbA1C, but higher self-confidence in comparison to the controls after intervention [P<0.05], although differences in levels of the depression variable between two groups was not significant. In addition, between HbA1c and all variables, [depression, stress, self-confidence] significant correlations were observed

Conclusion: Results suggest that depression, anxiety, stress and self- confidence are associated with HbA1C level and a mindfulness-based stress reduction program can be effective in reducing the psychological symptoms in these patients, leading to increased confidence and improved glycemic control in women with type 2 diabetes

[Validity, reliability and normalization of the fear of pain questionnaire-short form [FPQ-SF]]

In this research, we intended to normalize and examine the reliability and validity of the Fear of Pain Questionnaire-Short Form [FPQ-SF] among Iranian university students. A random sample of 600 students participated in this study. Using confirmatory factor analysis, a 3-factor model with 30 items and a 4-factor model with 20 items were evaluated. For reliability assessment, we used Chronbach's alpha and for validity applied, convergent validity. Convergent validity was measured through correlation between pain anxiety symptoms scale [PASS-20] and anxiety sensitivity index [ASI]. The confirmatory factor analysis [CFA] reassessment of McNeil and Rainwater's 3-factor 30-item model and Asmundson et al proposed 4-factor 20-item model indicated a poor fit to the data. As such, exploratory factor analysis using 4-factor model [severe pain, minor pain, medical and dental pain, and injection pain] with 24 items was developed. The results of Chronbach's Alpha for fear of pain and each of subscales of severe pain, minor pain, medical and dental pain, and injection pain were 0.83, 0.83, 0.80, 0.76 and 0.89, respectively for total sample. Based on the results of this study, it was found that fear of pain questionnaire with four factors and 24 items shows acceptable psychometric properties in psychological research and clinical assessment of fear of pain in Iranian population