Interactions between histamine H1 and H3 and dopamine D1 receptors on feeding behavior in chicken

Background: brain monoamines [such as histamine and dopamine] play an important role in emotions, cognition, reward and feeding behavior. The interactions between histamine and dopamine were studied in many physiological functions but this correlation is unclear in feeding behavior of chickens

Objectives: the aim of this study was to investigate the interaction of central histaminergic and dopaminergic systems on food intake in broiler chicken

Methods: in this study intracerebroventricular [ICV] injection was used for manipulation of histaminergic and dopaminergic systems. In Experiment 1, 3 h-fasted chicks were given an ICV injection of histamine, SCH23390, a D1 receptors antagonist and co-injection of histamine and SCH23390. Experiments 2-5 were similar to experiment 1 except birds were injected with AMI-193, D2 receptors antagonist; NGB2904, D3 receptors antagonist; L-741,742, D4 receptors antagonist and 6-OHDA, 6-hydroxydopamine instead of SCH 23390, respectively. In experiment 6, ICV injection of dopamine, chlorpheniramine, H1 receptors antagonist and co-administration of dopamine and chlorpheniramine were done. Experiments 7-9 were similar to experiment 6, except birds ICV injected with famotidine, H2 receptors antagonist; thioperamide, H3 receptors antagonist and alpha-FMH, alpha-fluoromethylhistidine in place of chlorpheniramine, respectively. Then cumulative food intake [g] was measured at 30, 60 and 120 min after the injection

Results: histamine decreased food intake compared to the control chicks indicating an inhibitory effect of histamine on food intake and SCH23390 attenuated the effect of histamine on food intake [p<0.001]. In addition, hypophagic effect of histamine decreased by 6-OHDA [p<0.001]. Chlorpheniramine and alpha-FMH significantly attenuated dopamine induced hypophagia [p<0.001]. However, thioperamide amplified the inhibitory effect of dopamine on food intake [p<0.001]

Conclusions: these results suggest there is relationship between histaminergic and dopaminergic systems on food intake in chicken and H1, H3 and D1 receptors are involved in this interaction

effect of oral administration of pregnant cow's milk on male rat's spermatogenesis

Background: Nowadays, infertility is one of the major problems of human societies

Objectives: To study oral administration of bulk milk and milk of late pregnant cows on spermatogenesis of male rats

Methods: The first group of rats from day 1 of pregnancy until the end of lactation and then their male pups to maturity were treated with late pregnant cow's milk. The second group from day 12 of pregnancy up to 15 days after delivery was treated with late pregnant cow's milk. The third group of rats from day 1 of pregnancy until the end of lactation and then their male pups to maturity were treated with bulk milk. The fourth group from day 12 of pregnancy up to 15 days after delivery was treated with bulk milk. Rats in the control group during the study period were only fed with special food of rats and at the end viability, types of movement [progressive and in-place movement, immobility], number of sperms and also the serum testosterone level were elevated

Results: Administration of both types of milk had no effect on in-place movement and also viability of sperms of experimental groups but they could cause a significant increase in sperm immobility and a significant decrease in number of sperms of experimental groups. Also,the level of serum testosterone of experimental groups was significantly re-duced in comparison with control group [p<0.05]

Conclusions: Overall, it was determined consumption of late pregnant cow's milk and bulk milk when it contains high estrogen can cause changes in some sperm species that are involved in male reproduction

[ role of glycine and NMDA glutamate receptor on central regulation of feed intake of broiler cockerels]

Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in central nervous system and plays a certain role in food intake in mammalian. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of glycine in central regulation of feed intake of broiler cockerels [Ross 308] during six sequential phases. At 1, 2 and 3 phases, glycine [50, 100 and 200 nmol], NFPS [inhibitor of glycine transporter at 25, 50 and 100 nmol] and hydrochloride strychnine [competitive antagonist of presynaptic of glycine at 10, 50 and 250 nmol] were injected intracerebroventriculary [ICV]. At 4, 5 and 6 phases, the effect of pretreatment of NFPS [100 nmol], strychnine [250 nmol] and DL-AP5 [antagonist of glutamate NMDA receptors, 5 nmol] on cumulative feed intake induced by glycine was evaluated. During this study, the control group was injected ICV by sterile physiological serum. Thereafter, Cumulative feed intake was measured at 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min after injection. According to the results, ICV injection of 200 nmol glycine significantly reduced the feed intake [p<0.05]. Moreover, the injection of NFPS at 50 and 100 nmol, significantly increased the feed intake [p<0.05], while strychnine had no effect. Additionally, pretreatment with NFPS and DL-AP5 significantly attenuated the feed intake induced by glycine [p<0.05], whereas strychnine had no effect [p>0.05]. These results showed that the inhibitory effect of glycine on feed intake is not associated with neurotransmitory function of glycine, but is due to its neuromodulatory effect which is probably mediated via NMDA glutamate receptors in birds

[ role of 5-HT[2A] and 5-HT[2c] receptors on harmaline-induced eating behavior in 24-h food-deprived broiler cockerels]

This study was designed to examine the effects of intracerebroventricular [ICV] injection of ketanserin [5-HT[2a] receptor antagonist] and SB242084 [5-HT[2c] receptor antagonist] on harmaline induced feeding and drinking response in 24-h food-deprived [FD24] broiler cockerels. At first, guide cannula was surgically implanted in the right lateral ventricle of chickens. In experiment 1, birds were injected intracerebroventriculary with 0, 25, 50 and 100 microg of harmaline. In experiment 2, chickens received 10 microg ketanserin prior to the injection of harmaline. In experiment 3, birds were administered with harmaline after 3 microg SB242084 and the cumulative food and water intake was determined at 3 h post injection. The results of this study showed that harmaline decreases food consumption and increases water intake in FD24 broiler cockerels [P

Antinociceptive effect of the aqueous extract obtained from Foeniculum vulgare in mice: the role of histamine H[1]] and H[2] receptors

Foeniculum vulgare [fennel] has been widely used in traditional medicine for treatment of various diseases including pediatric colic. This study was designed to assess the antinociceptive effects of aqueous extract of F. vulgare on visceral pain and possible involvement of opioidergic, serotonergic, adrenergic and histaminergic systems

The results of this study showed that aqueous extract of F. vulgare [50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, IP] induces antinociceptive effects [P<0.001] and that the pretreatment with chlorpheniramine and cimetidine significantly attenuate this effect [from 71.9% to 21.6%, P<0.001 and from 71.4% to 35.9%, P=0.003, respectively]

Furthermore, chlorpheniramine and cimetidine significantly decreased onset of first abdominal writhing [latency] in comparison with extract [P<0.05], however naloxone, cyproheptadine and phentolamine had no effect on antinociception and the latency induced by F. vulgare. The ED[50] value for antinociceptive effects of extract was 87.6 mg/kg. These results suggest that antinociceptive effects of F. vulgare are partially mediated by histamine H[1] and H[2] receptors?

Effects of intracerebroventricular injection of histamine and H1, H2 receptor antagonists on electrocardiographic parameters in broiler chickens

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of exogenous histamine and H[1] and H[2] central receptors on electrocardiographic [ECG] parameters, heart rate and mean electrical axis in broiler chickens. For this purpose, Ross broiler chickens [750-800 g weight] received intracerebroventricularly [ICV] histamine. Moreover, to determine the receptors involved in histamine-induced alterations in ECG changes, H[1] and H[2] blockers were administered to histamine-treated chickens. All ECGs were standardized at 1 mV = 20 mm, with paper speed of 50 mm/sec. Leads I, II, III, aVR, aVL and aVF were recorded. Injection of histamine [200 and 300 micro g] decreased the duration of T wave and QRS complex and elevated the heart rate as compared to the control group [P<0.05]. Chlorpheniramine [100 micro g], an H[1] receptor antagonist, increased the duration rate of T wave and QRS complex and reduced the heart rate [P<0.05]. Cimetidine, an H[2] receptor antagonist [100 micro g] had no effect on ECG parameters. Pretreatment with chlorpheniramine [100 micro g] significantly attenuated histamine effects [200 micro g] on the duration of T wave, QRS complex and heart rate [P<0.05]. Mean electrical axis, calculated from leads II and III, did not differ between groups and it was between -93 [degree sign] and -99 [degree sign] in all chickens. In conclusion, exogenous histamine intracerebroventricularly results in sinusoidal tachycardia in broiler chickens and central H[1] receptors mediate the stimulatory effects of histamine on heart rate, but H[2] receptors had no role in this manner

Efficiency evaluation of Nay zeolite and Tio[2]/NaY zeolite in removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions

In this study titanium dioxide cluster was incorporated onto NaY zeolite and characterized with X-Ray diffractometer and X-ray spectroscopy. These composites have many advantages such as high stability and high porosity. The adsorption behavior of methylene blue was investigated for NaY zeolite and TiO[2]/NaY zeolite. The efficiency of time, pH, temperature and initial concentration of methylene blue [MB] on removal effect of methylene blue was investigated by UV-Vis spectroscopy. And, the optimum conditions were determined 8h time, basic pH and high initial concentrations of methylene blue and absorbent. With increasing of temperature, the removal efficiency of NaY zeolite and TiO[2]/NaY increased. Results showed that 92% and 85% of methylene blue was absorbed by synthesized NaY zeolite and TiO[2]/zeolite, respectively. Adsorption isotherm as studied by fitting data to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms models, showed monolayer adsorption and Langmuir equilibrium model to be more relevant

Removal of methylene blue dye from wastewater by adsorption onto semi-inpenetrating polymer network hydrogels composed of acrylamide and acrylic acid copolymer and polyvinyl alcohol

Dye removal from wastewater has received considerable attention with several classes of dye being investigated. Methylene blue has wide applications and can cause some harmful effects in humans. The use of clean technology of low-priced and biodegradable absorbents could be a good tool to minimize the environmental impact caused by dye manufacturing and textile effluents. The present study deals with the preparation of a novel sIPN [semi interpenetrating] hydrogel composed of copolymer of acrylamide and acrylicacid with poly vinyl alcohol as linear polymer there in. The adsorption abilities of hydrogels with different molar ratios for removal of methylene blue from aqueous solutions were investigated. A weighed quantity of dry hybrid hydrogel was immersed in 50 ppm MB solution and kept at 37 Degree C. The amount of MB adsorbed was measured spectrophotometrically [lambda= 661.6 nm] in periodically taken solution samples. The maximum dye adsorption concentration for hydrogel composites was 95% and no dye desorption of MB/polymer solutions was observed. Hence, the composites can be used as good membranes for removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions while they do not release harmful materials into water

[Study of antinociceptive effects of Ziziphora tenuior and its interference on opioidergic and serotoninergic systems]

Ziziphora tenuior has been used in Iranian folk medicine as an analgesic and for treatment of digestive diseases. This study was designed to investigate the antinociceptive effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Z. tenuior on visceral pain and its possible involvement in opioidergic and serotoninergic systems in male albino N-MRI mice. Antinociceptive effect of was determined by writhing test as a model of visceral pain. A. tenuior extract was administered intraperitonealy [ip] in doses of 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg and antinociceptive effects were compared with indomethacin [5mg/kg, i.p.] and control groups. The most effective dose of the extract was selected for the possible involvement of opioidergic and serotoninergic systems. 15 minutes before administration of the effective dose, animals were studied by pretreatment of opioid antagonist, naloxane [2mg/kg, i.p.] and serotoninergic antagonist, cyproheptadine [4mg/ kg, i.p.] using writhing test. The results of this study showed that hydroalcoholic extract of Z. tenuior at 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg and indomethacin [5mg/kg] induced a significant reduction in pain response compared to the control group [p<0.05], while, pretreatment with naloxane and cyproheptadine inhibited some of the extract induced antinociceptive effects in comparison to control group [p<0.05]. This study indicated that some of the antiniciceptive properties of Z. tenuior are mediated by opioidergic and serotonergic mechanisms, which confirmed the traditional uses of the plant in the treatment of pain